Table 2.

Antiviral trials for PBC.

Trial	Method	Subject	Design	Primary outcome	Year	Reference
Pilot studies of single and combination antiretroviral therapy	Lamivudine + Zidovu- dine versus Lamivudine	Human	Randomized controlled trial (RCT)	Serological improvements of alkaline phos-phatase, AST and ALT. Histological improvement in necroinflammatory score and a reduction in bile duct injury.	2004	[43]
Clinical trial: randomized controlled trial of lamivudine and zidovudine (Combivir)	Lamivudine + Zidovu- dine + UDCA versus UDCA	Human	RCT	Serological improvements in serial alkaline phosphatase, ALT and AST.	2008	[44]
Randomized controlled trial of lamivudine	Lamivudine versus UDCA	Human	RCT	One case showed a decrease of AMA titers.	2010	[45]
Combination antiretroviral therapy with Combivir	Lamivudine + Zidovu- dine versus Placebo	NOD.c3c4 mouse		Histological improvement in necroinflammatory score and a reduction in bile duct injury. No improvement on bile duct cyst. Decrease in viral burden.	2007	[46]
Highly active antiretroviral therapy with reverse trans- criptase inhibitors and protease inhibitor	Combination of reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitor	NOD.c3c4 mouse		Serological improvements in alkaline phos-phatase and AST. Complete disappearance of cholangitis.	2008	[47]