Table 4.

References to the Worldwide Published Clinical Studies on the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases Using Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells

Autoimmune disease	No. of patients	MSC source	Delivery route	Clinical outcome	Reference
Multiple sclerosis	10	Allogeneic bone marrow	Intrathecal	Mixed	Mohyeddin et al.9
Scleroderma	1	Allogeneic bone marrow	i.v.	Improved	Christopeit et al.10
Multiple sclerosis	1	Allogeneic umbilical cord	i.v.	Improved	Liang et al.11
Multiple sclerosis	3	Mixed allo & autologous fat	Mixed i.v. & Intrathecal	Improved clinic MRI unchanged	Riordan et al.12
Crohns fistulae	14	Autologous fat	Intrafistula	71 % closure	Garcia-Olmo et al.13
Scleroderma digital ulcus	2	Autologous blood & bone marrow	Local	Improved	Nevskaya et al.14
Lupus nephritis	15	Allogeneic bone marrow	i.v.	Improved SLEDAI and proteinuria	Liang et al.15
Lupus nephritis	16	Allogeneic umbilical cord	i.v.	Improved SLEDAI and proteinuria	Sun et al.16
SLE	2	Autologous bone marrow	i.v.	No change	Carrion et al.17
SLE alveolar hemorrhage	1	Allogeneic umbilical cord	i.v.	Improved	Liang et al.18
Crohns disease	10	Autologous bone marrow	IVI	Improved	Duijvestein et al.19
Multiple sclerosis	15	Autologous bone marrow	Intrathecal (all) plus IVI (5)	Some stabilized	Karussis et al.20
Amyothrophic lateral sclerosis	19	Autologous bone marrow	Intrathecal (all) plus i.v. (9)	No change	Karussis et al.20
Multiple sclerosis	10	Autologous bone marrow	Intrathecal	Mixed	Yamout et al.21

SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.