Table 1.

Critical Mineral End Uses, Production, and Reserves

Mineral	Use With Highest Impact Score	% World Production	% World Reserves
Platinum	Autocatalysts for motor vehicle emissions control, industrial, and other	South Africa (77%), Russia (13%), Canada (4%), Zimbabwe (2%), United States (2%)	Total platinum group metal reserves: South Africa (89%), Russia (8%), United States (1%), Other (2%)
Palladium	Autocatalysts for motor vehicle emissions control, industrial, and other	Russia (44%), South Africa (38%), United States (6%), Canada (6%), Zimbabwe (3%)	See platinum
Rhodium	Autocatalysts for motor vehicle emissions control, industrial, and other	South Africa (89%), Russia (7%), North America (2%), Other (2%)	See platinum
Rare earth elements	Emissions controls, magnets, and electronics	China (76%), France (9%), Japan (4%), Russia (3%), other (8%)	China (31%), Commonwealth of Independent States (22%), United States (15%), Australia (6%), India (1%)
Manganese	Steel and cast iron	South Africa (19%), Australia (18%), China (13%), Brazil (12%), Gabon (11%)	Ukraine (30%), South Africa (22%), Australia (13%), India (12%), China (9%)
Indium	Coatings (flat-panel displays, etc.)	China (60%), Japan (9%), South Korea (9%), Canada (9%), Belgium (5%)	China (73%), Peru (3%), United States (3%), Other (11%)
Niobium	Superalloys (for the aerospace industry, etc.)	Brazil (90%), Canada (9%)	Brazil (96%), Canada (2%), Australia (2%)
Vanadium	Nonsteel alloys	South Africa (39%), Canada (31%), Russia (27%)	China (38%), Russia (38%), South Africa (23%)
Titanium	Aerospace, high technology	Australia (27%), South Africa (20%), Canada (14%), China (9%), Ukraine (6%)	China (27%), Australia (20%), India (13%), South Africa (10%), Brazil (6%)
Copper	Energy provisioning, power production	Chile (35%), United States (8%), Peru (7%), China (6%), Australia (6%)	Chile (31%), United States (7%), Indonesia (7%), Peru (6%), Mexico (6%), Poland (6%)