a, Reduced phosphorylated Smad3 in WAT protein extracts from Lepob/ob (n=3) and DIO (n=3) mice treated with anti-TGF-β1 (α-TGF-β1) antibody. b–h, Treatment with anti-TGF-β1 (α-TGF-β1) antibody resulted in significantly reduced body weight gain, improved GTT (c), enhanced ITT (d), significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (e) and fasting insulin levels (f), suppression of hepatic steatosis (g), and elevated expression of BAT/mitochondrial-specific proteins in WAT (h). *p < 0.05; **, p< 0.005; ***, p<0.001.