Figure 2.

Probing damage timescales with X-rays. (a) An ‘impulse-response’ measurement. A very short, very intense pulse delivers a large dose and the evolution of damage is then monitored using short weaker pulses. (b) Maximum available X-ray flux density (dose rate) and minimum doses required to assess damage mean that both the damaging and probe pulses must have finite widths. These widths determine the time resolution of the experiment. (c) Schematic representation of the dosing sequence used in the present experiments.