Table 4.

Level two self-report research utilization measures (two validity sources), n = 16 measures

Class	Citation	Participants/Setting/Country	Validity
			Content	Response processes	Internal structure	Relations
Nurses Practice Questionnaire	[33,34]	Nurses/Hospitals/USA	√			√
	[59]	Nurses/Education/USA	√
	[32]	Nurses/Variety/Sweden	√			√
	[60]	Nurses/Hospitals/USA	√			√
	[61]	Nurses/Hospitals/USA	√			√
	[30,31]	Nurses/Hospitals/UK	√	√		√
	[62]	Nurses/Variety/USA	√			√
	[63]	Nurses/Hospitals/Canada	√			√
	[35]	Nurses/Hospitals/USA	√
Knott and Wildvasky	[20]	Leaders/Variety/Canada	√			√
Other General Research Utilization Indices*	[101]	Nurses/Hospitals/USA			√	√
	[102]	Allied/Community/USA	√			√
	[105]	Allied/Variety/Sweden		√		√
	[104]	Allied/Not Reported/USA		√		√
Other Specific Practices Indices*	[21]	Leaders/Community/USA	√			√
	[17,18]	Multiple Staff/Hospitals/Africa		√		√
Estabrooks' Kinds of Research Use	[3,68]	Nurses/Variety/Canada	√	√	NA	√
	[74]	Nurses/Hospitals/USA			NA	√
	[69]	Nurses/Hospitals/USA, Canada			NA	√
	[26,70]	Nurses/Hospitals/Canada		√	NA
	[66]	Allied/Variety/Canada		√	NA
	[67]	Nurses/Long-term Care/USA		√	NA	√
	[80]	Nurses/Variety/Canada			NA	√
	[86]	Nurse Educators/Variety/Canada			NA
Parahoo	[53,131-134]	Nurses/Hospitals/UK	√	√	NA
	[135]	Nurses/Hospitals/Iran			NA
	[136]	Nurses/Variety/UK	√	√	NA
Other Single Items*	[139]	Allied/Variety/UK	√		NA	√
	[144]	Nurses/Hospitals/Nigeria	√		NA	√
	[83]	Nurses/Variety/USA	√	√	NA
	[27]	Nurses/Hospitals/Canada		√	NA	√
	[88]	Nurses/Hospitals/USA	√	√	NA
	[57]	Nurses/Hospitals/Taiwan	√	√	NA

* = each study represents a unique measure