Table II.
Association of reproductive factors with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in women.
| Cases/ Controls |
Crude ORa (95% CI) |
Ptrend | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Ptrend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at menarcheb, n (%) | |||||
| ≤ 11 years | 33/31 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 12-13 years | 82/89 | 0.87 (0.49-1.54) | 1.25 (0.63-2.49) | ||
| ≥ 14 years | 34/38 | 0.84 (0.43-1.65) | 0.62 | 0.91 (0.41-2.01) | 0.76 |
| Hysterectomy/oophorectomy statusb | |||||
| Neither | 93/105 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Hysterectomyc | 47/47 | 1.16 (0.70-1.91) | 1.00 (0.56-1.79) | ||
| Bilateral oophorectomyc | 19/22 | 0.98 (0.50-1.94) | 1.03 (0.48-2.23) | ||
| Exogenous female hormone (HRT) used,e | |||||
| Never | 81/58 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Ever | 38/67 | 0.41 (0.24-0.70) | 0.60 (0.31-1.06) | ||
| ≤ 5 years of use | 23/31 | 0.53 (0.28-1.00) | 0.69 (0.33-1.45) | ||
| > 5 years of use | 15/34 | 0.33 (0.16-0.66) | 0.001i | 0.47 (0.20-1.08) | 0.06i |
| Oral contraceptive usef | |||||
| Never | 51/55 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Ever | 98/103 | 1.04 (0.63-1.71) | 1.09 (0.60-1.98) | ||
| Started taking at > 22 years old | 32/52 | 0.69 (0.38-1.24) | 0.75 (0.38-1.51) | ||
| Started taking at ≤ 22 years old | 66/51 | 1.66 (0.90-3.05) | 0.13j | 1.67 (0.81-3.44) | 0.21j |
| Fertility medicationc, n (%) | |||||
| No | 138/145 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 8/12 | 0.70 (0.28-1.77) | 0.51 (0.17-1.53) | ||
| History of pregnancy | |||||
| Number of pregnanciesc | |||||
| 0 | 19/32 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 1-2 | 52/57 | 1.55 (0.78-3.06) | 0.85 (0.38-1.87) | ||
| ≥ 3 | 78/69 | 1.94 (1.00-3.76) | 0.05 | 1.17 (0.55-2.51) | 0.47 |
| Age at first pregnancyc,g | |||||
| ≤ 18 years | 33/17 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 19-29 years | 84/95 | 0.45 (0.24-0.88) | 0.74 (0.35-1.56) | ||
| ≥ 30 years | 13/14 | 0.48 (0.18-1.24) | 0.06 | 1.21 (0.39-3.72) | 0.96 |
| History of live birth | |||||
| Parityc | |||||
| 0 | 28/37 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 1-2 | 54/74 | 0.98 (0.53-1.79) | 0.67 (0.33-1.36) | ||
| ≥ 3 | 67/47 | 1.96 (1.04-3.68) | 0.02 | 1.28 (0.61-2.66) | 0.33 |
| Age at first live birthc,h | |||||
| ≤ 18 years | 22/12 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 19-29 years | 86/92 | 0.51 (0.24-1.10) | 0.84 (0.35-2.00) | ||
| ≥ 30 years | 13/17 | 0.42 (0.15-1.14) | 0.08 | 1.27 (0.38-4.18) | 0.73 |
Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval
All crude models are adjusted for the frequency-matched factor (age)
Adjusted for age, smoking, highest level of education and family history of cancer
Hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy are not mutually exclusive
Adjusted for age, smoking and highest level of education
Restricted to postmenopausal women only
Adjusted for age, smoking, highest level of education, family history of cancer and number of pregnancies
Excludes women who have never been pregnant
Excludes women who have never had a live birth
Test of trend is across duration categories for female hormone use (never, ≤ 5 years, > 5 years)
Test of trend is across categories of oral contraception start age (never, > 22 years old, ≤ 22 years old)