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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 15.
Published in final edited form as: J Surg Res. 2011 Apr 22;175(2):234–242. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.069

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effect of the VIP-antagonist (10−6 M) combined with L-NNA (10−4 M), the combination of AOAA (5×10−4 M) and PPG (10−3 M), and the combination of all 4 antagonists on the EFS response at A) 3 Hz, B) 6 Hz, and C) 50 Hz for the entire 10 s, the first 4 s, and the last 6 s of EFS. *p<0.05 compared to baseline contractile activity defined as 0% (ANOVA). #p<0.05 compared to control response and response with AOAA and PPG (ANOVA). †p<0.05 compared to control response (ANOVA). ‡p<0.05 compared to all other responses during the same interval (ANOVA).

The combination of the VIP-antagonist and L-NNA without and with AOAA and PPG reversed the EFS-induced inhibition during the entire 10 s and the last 6 s of EFS at 3 and 6 Hz. The VIP-antagonist and L-NNA increased the contractile response at 50 Hz during the entire 10 last 6 s of EFS; the combination of the VIP-antagonist, L-NNA, AOAA, and PPG increased the contractile response during the entire 10 s and the last 6 s of EFS compared to the combination of VIP antagonist and L-NNA