Table 2.
Efficacy of azithromycin, chloroquine or the combination against P. Falciparum infection observed among non-pregnant adults and children in recent studies.
| Country | Years of study [Ref.] | Drug regimen | Sample size | PCR-unadjusted APR at day 28 (95% CI) | PCR-adjusted APR at day 28 (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Kenya | 2004 [81] Pfizer 82563 | 1 g AZ plus 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 | 5 | NA | 100% (NA) |
| 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 plus AZ placebo | 7 | NA | 87.5% (59.8 – 100) | ||
| Malawi (children) | 2005 [74] Laufer et al. | 10 mg/kg CQ days 0, 1 and 5 mg/kg CQ day 2 | 80 | NA | 98.7% (96.3 – 100)* |
| SP (1.25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) day 0 | 87 | NA | 18.4% (10.3 – 26.5)* | ||
| Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Uganda, Zambia | 2004 – 2006 [83] O26-44 [81] Pfizer 82576 | 1 g AZ and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 plus MQ placebo day 0 | 103 | NA | 98.1% (95.4 – 100) |
| 500 mg AZ and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 plus MQ placebo day 0 | Arm suspended: inadequate efficacy of regimen outside of Africa | ||||
| 750 mg MQ and 500 mg MQ day 0 plus placebo AZ and CQ days 0, 1, 2 | 103 | NA | 99.0% (97.1 – 100) | ||
| Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, Zambia | 2006 – 2007 [81] Pfizer 367653 | 1 g AZ and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 | 107 | NA | 100% (NA) |
| 750 mg MQ and 500 mg MQ day 0 | 112 | NA | 99.1% (97.4 – 100) | ||
| Guinea-Bissau (children) | 2006 – 2008 [79] Ursing et al. | 50 mg/kg CQ in 6 doses days 0, 1, 2 | 158 | NA | 95.1%* (91.5 – 98.4) |
| AL (20 mg/120 mg) up to 4 tablets at 0, 8, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h | 168 | NA | 96.6%* (93.6 – 99.2) | ||
| India | 1998 – 2001 [18] Dunne et al. 2005b | 1 g AZ plus CQ placebo days 0, 1, 2 | 15 | 33.3% (9.5 – 57.2)* | NA |
| 600 mg CQ days 0, 1 plus placebo AZ day- 0, 1, 2 and CQ day 2 | 15 | 26.7% (4.3 – 49.1)* | NA | ||
| 1 g AZ days 0, 1, 2 and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1 and 300 mg CQ day 2 | 63 | 96.8% (92.5 – 100)* | NA | ||
| India | 2004 – 2005 [129] O26-45 [81] Pfizer 74841 | 1 g AZ days 0, 1, 2 and 600 mg CQ day- 0, 1 and 300 mg CQ day 2 | 73 | 83.6% (75.1 – 92.1) | NA |
| 500 mg AZ and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 plus placebo 500 mg AZ days 0, 1, 2 | 59 | 66.1% (54.0 – 78.2) | NA | ||
| 600 mg CQ days 0, 1 and 300 mg CQ day 2 SP (1.5 g/75 mg) day 0 | 72 | 94.4% (89.2 – 99.7) | NA | ||
| Indonesia | 2004 – 2005 [81] Pfizer 84240 | 1 g AZ and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 plus placebo SP day 0 | 13 | NA | 30.8% (5.7 – 55.9)‡ |
| 500 mg AZ and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 plus placebo 500 mg AZ days 0, 1, 2 and placebo SP day 0 | Arm suspended after 19 randomizations; no efficacy data reported | ||||
| SP (1.5 g/75 mg) day 0 plus placebo 1 g AZ and placebo 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 | 10 | NA | 80% (55.2 – 100) | ||
| Colombia and Suriname | 2004 – 2005 [130] O26-46 [81] Pfizer 84227 | 1 g AZ days 0, 1, 2 and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1 and 300 mg CQ day 2 | 112 | NA | 60.1% (51.7 – 68.8)‡ |
| 500 mg AZ and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 plus placebo 500 mg AZ days 0, 1, 2 | Arm suspended: inadequate efficacy 36.4% (4/11) day-28 PCR-unadjusted | ||||
| AP (1 g/400 mg) days 0, 1, 2 | 113 | 100% (NA) | |||
| Colombia and India | 2006 – 2008 [84] ASTMH 62/374 [81] Pfizer 282919 | 2 g AZ and 600 mg CQ days 0, 1, 2 | 107 | NA | 97.2% (94.1 – 100)‡ |
*
Appropriate clinical and parasitic response (ACPR).
‡
Partially PCR-adjusted.
AL: Artemether–lumefantrine (Coartem®); AP: Atovaquone–proguanil; AZ: Azithromycin; CQ: Chloroquine; MQ: Mefloquine; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; PQ: Piperaquine; SP: Sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine.