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. 2011 Sep 9;6(9):e24437. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024437

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Higuchi et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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The recordings show the waveform amplitude of selected cognitive and affective performances of each pianist. As observed, affective performances have greater amplitude variations, when compared to the cognitive ones. The smaller variation of amplitude in the cognitive waveforms indicates less variation of touch intensity in the piano keyboard. This suggests less use of phrasing, which is a fundamental aspect of musical expressiveness.