Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox activity blocks the proliferation and adhesion of pancreatic cancer cells without inducing apoptosis. A, Cells were counted in triplicate using Trypan Blue after 48-h (Panc-1) or 72-h (PaCa-2) of E3330 exposure. Day 0 refers to the cell number 24-h after plating. xCELLigence DP system was used to determine cell growth (B) and adhesion (D) after E3330 treatment. Assays were performed in triplicate, three individual times with a representative experiment shown. C, Histogram plots (The x-axis represents Annexin-488 staining and the y-axis represents PI staining, Top) and Western blot (Bottom) probed with PARP-1 after treatment with increasing concentrations of E3330 for 48 hours (FL, full length).