. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Acad Pediatr. 2011 Jul 26;11(5):414–421. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2011.05.005

Table 2.

GEE Model for Alcohol Use Initiation among Adolescents in Add Health Study (n=2,610)

Parameter	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
Parameter	Beta	se	p-value	Beta	se	p-value	Beta	se	p-value	Beta	se	p-value
*Demographics*
Male	0.142	0.075	0.058	0.077	0.075	0.307	0.108	0.076	0.155	0.080	0.076	0.288
Age	0.086	0.031	0.005^**	0.081	0.031	0.008^**	0.089	0.031	0.004^**	0.083	0.031	0.007^**
Race, white	0.278	0.112	0.013^*	0.297	0.112	0.008^**	0.255	0.113	0.024^*	0.257	0.112	0.022^*
AH picture vocabulary	0.001	0.003	0.660	0.002	0.003	0.401	0.002	0.003	0.472	0.002	0.003	0.456
Team sports	0.084	0.033	0.011^*	0.091	0.033	0.006^**	0.084	0.033	0.012^*	0.085	0.034	0.011^*
*Family characteristics*
Parent drinking frequency	0.068	0.036	0.060	0.069	0.036	0.060	0.063	0.037	0.086	−0.005	0.035	0.893
Parent heavy drinking	0.113	0.056	0.042^*	0.104	0.055	0.060	0.112	0.056	0.046^*	0.087	0.056	0.122
Single parent household	0.011	0.088	0.902	−0.020	0.089	0.823	−0.010	0.088	0.909	−0.017	0.089	0.845
Family fun together	−0.146	0.038	<.001^***	−0.136	0.038	<.001^***	−0.142	0.038	<.001^***	−0.138	0.038	<.001^***
Shopped together	−0.101	0.086	0.241	−0.072	0.088	0.414	−0.090	0.087	0.304	−0.073	0.088	0.406
Movie/event together	−0.012	0.084	0.888	−0.002	0.086	0.986	−0.010	0.086	0..895	−0.012	0.086	0.889
*Census block characteristics*
Below poverty percentage	0.421	0.429	0.326	0.514	0.430	0.232	0.548	0.426	0.198	0.572	0.425	0.179
College educated	0.387	0.323	0.230	0.494	0.324	0.127	0.522	0.323	0.107	0.552	0.323	0.087
Religious adherents	0.105	0.382	0.784	0.143	0.380	0.707	0.156	0.384	0.684	0.136	0.381	0.721
*Geography*
Urban	0.029	0.145	0.841	0.082	0.147	0.577	0.123	0.149	0.408	0.173	0.150	0.247
Suburban	0.010	0.121	0.938	0.066	0.123	0.593	0.085	0.121	0.484	0.116	0.122	0.344
West	−0.262	0.168	0.119	−0.216	0.169	0.200	−0.143	0.170	0.399	−0.136	0.169	0.423
Midwest	−0.101	0.139	0.468	−0.079	0.140	0.570	−0.119	0.140	0.398	−0.106	0.140	0.450
South	−0.127	0.145	0.383	−0.064	0.146	0.664	−0.127	0.149	0.397	−0.115	0.149	0.441
*School characteristics*
Private	−0.385	0.160	0.016^*	−0.335	0.160	0.036^*	−0.374	0.161	0.020^*	−0.358	0.161	0.027^*
Small	−0.200	0.139	0.151	−0.159	0.139	0.252	−0.105	0.147	0.478	−0.093	0.147	0.530
Medium	−0.127	0.126	0.315	−0.103	0.127	0.417	−0.129	0.126	0.305	−0.111	0.127	0.381
Staff training in alcohol prevention	−0.040	0.112	0.724	−0.053	0.111	0.633	−0.091	0.112	0.416	−0.081	0.112	0.466
Social network density	0.912	0.383	0.017^*	0.885	0.386	0.022^*	1.083	0.389	0.005^**	1.069	0.391	0.006^**
*Friend characteristics*
Friend grade point average	·	·	·	−0.082	0.055	0.141	−0.116	0.056	0.037^*	−0.105	0.056	0.059
Friend delinquency	·	·	·	0.020	0.007	0.004^**	0.027	0.007	<.001^***	0.019	0.007	0.007^**
Friend parent drinking	·	·	·	0.000	0.035	0.995	0.006	0.035	0.873	−0.005	0.035	0.893
Friend parent heavy drinking	·	·	·	0.071	0.057	0.208	0.082	0.056	0.142	0.087	0.056	0.122
Friend drinking, wave 1	·	·	·	0.320	0.082	<.001^***	·	·	·	0.295	0.082	<.001^***
*Friend social network characteristics*
Friend in-degree	·	·	·	·	·	·	0.034	0.011	0.001^**	0.032	0.010	0.002^**
Friend centrality	·	·	·	·	·	·	−0.098	0.088	0.266	−0.093	0.088	0.288
Friend reach, per 10 friends	·	·	·	·	·	·	0.031	0.013	0.014^*	0.030	0.013	0.020^*
Intercept	−2.814	0.712	<.001^***	−3.015	0.727	<.001^***	−3.252	0.731	<.001^***	−2.992	0.725	<.001^***
Deviance	4981.6			4943.0			4934.9			4925.7
df	5071			5066			5064			5063

p<.05,

^**

p<.01,

^***

p<.001