Table 1.
Pre-clinical and ongoing clinical studies using autophagy inhibitors, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in cancer treatment
| Tumor Type | Development Status | Therapeutic Combination |
|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | In vitro, in vivo Phase II |
CQ + bortezomib (63) CQ + vorinostat (56) HCQ + XELOX + bevacizumab |
| Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | In vitro, in vivo | CQ + imatinib (75) |
| Prostate cancer | In vitro, in vivo | CQ + Src kinase inhibitors (57) |
| Vulvar cancer | In vitro | CQ + cetuximab (34) |
| Chronic myelogenous leukemia | In vitro Phase II |
CQ + vorinostat (73) HCQ + imatinib |
| Lymphoma | In vivo | CQ + cyclophosphamide (27) |
| Pancreatic cancer | Phase II Phase I/II |
HCQ only HCQ + gemcitabine |
| Prostate cancer | Phase II | HCQ + docetaxel |
| Lung cancer | Phase II | HCQ + erlotinib |
| Glioblastoma multiforme | Phase I/II | HCQ + temozolomide + radiation |
| Multiple myeloma | Phase I/II | HCQ + bortezomib |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Phase I | HCQ only |
| Breast cancer | Phase II | HCQ only |
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Phase II | HCQ only |
| Advanced solid tumor | Phase I Phase I Phase I Phase I |
HCQ + sirolimus or vorinostat HCQ + temsirolimus HCQ + sunitinib HCQ + temozolomide |