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Schematic signalling model of the phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1)/serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK1)/FOXO3a pathway during testicular torsion. We propose that testicular torsion decreases SGK1 phosphorylation via a decrease in PDK1 phosphorylation, which then appears to downregulate FOXO3a phosphorylation and this leads to cell apoptosis.
