Table 2.
Semen quality of young men from the Turku area in Finland
| Observed | Adjusted | p-values comparing investigation periodsA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Median (5–95) | Median (95% CI) | All periods | 2006 vs. 2001–03 | 2006 vs. 1998–00 | |
| Semen volume (mL): | ||||||
| Investigation period 1998–99 | 3.3 (1.4) | 3.0 (1.3–5.6) | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
| Investigation period 2001–03 | 3.3 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.2–6.1) | 3.4 (3.1–3.6) | |||
| Investigation period 2006 | 3.4 (1.5) | 3.3 (1.3–6.3) | 3.3 (3.0–3.7) | |||
| Sperm concentration (million/mL): | ||||||
| Investigation period 1998–99 | 71 (59) | 60 (3–185) | 67 (57–80) | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Investigation period 2001–03 | 68 (65) | 54 (5–167) | 60 (51–71) | |||
| Investigation period 2006 | 58 (50) | 50 (1–141) | 48 (39–60) | |||
| Total sperm count (million): | ||||||
| Investigation period 1998–99 | 219 (175) | 193 (12–519) | 228 (190–274) | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Investigation period 2001–03 | 212 (201) | 174 (17–522) | 201 (169–238) | |||
| Investigation period 2006 | 183 (140) | 156 (2–450) | 165 (132–207) | |||
| Normal morphology (%): | ||||||
| Investigation period 1998–99 | 9.7 (5.3) | 9.0 (2.0–19.2) | 9.8 (9.2–10.4) | 0.05 | 0.3 | 0.03 |
| Investigation period 2001–03 | 9.1 (5.3) | 8.5 (1.7–18.5) | 9.1 (8.5–9.7) | |||
| Investigation period 2006 | 8.7 (4.9) | 8.5 (1.5–18.0) | 8.6 (7.6–9.5) | |||
| Total normal spermatozoa (million): | ||||||
| Investigation period 1998–99 | 24 (25) | 17 (0.6–70) | 18 (14–23) | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.006 |
| Investigation period 2001–03 | 22 (30) | 14 (0.5–62) | 15 (12–19) | |||
| Investigation period 2006 | 18 (18) | 10 (0.4–55) | 11 (8–15) | |||
| Motile (%): | ||||||
| Investigation period 1998–99 | 63 (15) | 66 (37–80) | 65 (63–66) | <0.0005 | 0.7 | <0.0005 |
| Investigation period 2001–03 | 72 (13) | 75 (45–86) | 74 (72–75) | |||
| Investigation period 2006 | 70 (19) | 74 (31–89) | 73 (71–74) | |||
Observed: Results based on raw data.
SD: Standard deviation; 5–95: 5–95 percentiles.
Adjusted median and 95%CI (confidence interval) calculated by linear regression analysis.
Sperm concentration, total sperm and semen volume adjusted to a period of ejaculation of 95 h for a 19-year-old man. Motility and morphology were also adjusted to represent a 19-year-old man. See text for further details.
A
Linear regression analyses, adjusted for co-variates as described above.