Table 2.

A list of Ayurvedic plants, their active components and their role in chronic diseases

Plant	Active compounds	In-vitro	In-vivo	Review
Abrus precatorius	Abruquinones	[243]	[11]
	Abrin	[244]	[245]
	Abrus agglutinin	[246]	[246]
	ABP		[247]
Abutilon indicum	Extract		[12]
Acacia arabica	Gum	[248]
Acacia catechu	Flavocoxid	[14]	[249]
Acacia farnesiana	Acasiane, Farnesirane	[15]
Achillea millefolium	Casticin	[250]		[251]
	Extract		[252]
Achyranthes aspera	Extract		[17, 18, 253]
Acorus calamus	Extract	[20]	[21, 254]
Adhatoda vasica	Extract		[255, 256]	[257]
	Ambroxol	[22]
Aegle marmelos	Marmelin	[25]		[258]
	Extract		[259]
Allium sativum	Thiacremonone	[29]
	1,2-vinyldithiin	[30]		[260–263]
	Diallyl sulfide/trisulfide	[264, 265]
	Allicin	[266, 267]
	Extract		[26, 27]
Aloe vera	Aloe-emodin	[268, 269]		[270]
	Extract		[271, 272]	[273, 274]
Alpinia galanga	Acetoxychavicol acetate	[275–277]
Andrographis paniculata	Andrographolide	[278–285]	[286–290]
	Neoandrographolide	[291]
	Andrograpanin	[292, 293]
	Extract		[294, 295]
	Composition		[296, 297]
Areca catechu	Extract	[39, 298]
Argyeria speciosa	Extract		[17, 299–302]
Asparagus adscendens	Extract	[40]	[303]
Asparagus racemosus	Extract	[304]	[41, 305, 306]	[307, 308]
Azadirachta indica	Azadirachtin/	[43, 309]		[310–312]
	Nimbolide	[42, 313]
	Extract	[314]	[312, 315–320]
Bacopa monnieri	Bacoside-A		[44, 45]
	Triterpene saponins		[321]
	Extract	[322]	[323, 324]
Bambusa arundinacea	Extract		[46]
Bauhinia variegata	Extract	[47, 48]	[325–327]
	Flavonoids	[328]
Berberis aristata	Berberine	[50]	[329, 330]
Bergenia ligulata	Extract	[331]
Boerhaavia diffusa	Extract	[332–335]	[334, 336–339]
	Punarnavine		[340, 341]
	Flavonoids	[342]
Boswellia serrata	AKBA	[61, 343–345]	[54–56, 58–60, 346–348]
Bryonia laciniosa	Extract		[62]
Butea monosperma	Butrin/isobutrin/butein	[349]
	Stigmosterol		[350]
	Extract	[351]	[352–357]
Caesalpinia bonducella	Oil/Extract		[358–360]
Caesalpinia digyna	Extract		[64]
Calotropis procera	Latex extract	[361]	[362–365]
Capparis spinosa	Extract	[68, 366]
Carum copticum	Extract		[367–369]
Casearia esculenta	3-hydroxymethyl xylitol		[370]
	Extract		[371]
Cassia angustifolia	Exract		[71]
Cassia fistula	Extract		[72, 372–374]
Cassia occidentalis	Extract	[375]	[73, 376, 377]	[378]
Cassia tora	Ononitol monohydrate		[379]
	Extract	[380]	[381–383]
Cedrus deodara	Extract/oil	[384]	[75, 385]
Celastrus paniculatus	Extract	[386]	[76, 387]
Cichorium intybus	Magnolialide	[388]
	Cichotyboside		[389]
	Extract		[77, 390, 391]
Cinnamomum camphora	Extract	[79]	[247]
Cinnamomum cassia	Extract	[392]	[80, 393, 394]	[395]
	Cinnamaldehyde	[396–398]
Cinnnamomum zeylanicum	Extract	[399–401]	[402, 403]
	Oil		[81]
Citrullus colocynthis	Extract		[404–407]
Commiphora mukul	Guggulsterone	[408–410]	[411–416]	[417–419]
	Gugulipid		[420, 421]
	BHUx		[422]
Commiphora wightii	Extract	[423, 424]
Convolvulus pluricaulis	Extract		[425–427]
Crocus sativus	Safranal, Crocin	[428]	[429–432]	[433–435]
	Extract	[436, 437]	[438, 439]
Cuminum cymimum	Extract/oil		[91, 440–444]
Curcuma amada	Extract		[92]	[445]
Curcuma longa	Curcumin	[93–95]	[446–449]	[450–464]
Curcuma zedoaria	Curdione	[465, 466]		[96]
	Extract	[467–469]	[470, 471]
Cymbopogon citratus	Citral	[472, 473]
	Extract/oil	[98, 474]	[97, 475–477]
Cyperus rotundus	Extract	[478, 479]	[480]
Cyperus scariosus	Extract		[101]
Didymocarpus pedicellata	Extract	[104]
Dolichos biflorus	Extract		[481, 482]
Eclipta alba	Extract		[483–487]
Elettaria cardamomum	Extract	[110]	[109, 488–490]
Embelia ribes	Embelin	[491]	[492–495]
	Extract		[496–498]
Emblica officinalis	Pyrogallol	[499]	[500]
	Extract		[20, 501–504]
Eugenia jambolana	Extract	[505]	[506–510]
Evolvulus alsinoides	Extract		[511–513]
Fagonia cretica	Extract		[116]
Ferula assafoetida	Gum/Extract	[514]	[515–517]
Ficus bengalensis	Leucodelphinidin	[518]
	Extract		[118, 519–522]
Foeniculum vulgare	Anethole	[120]	[523]
	Extract	[524]	[523, 525–528]
Garcinia cambogia	Garcinol	[529–531]	[532]	[533]
	Extract		[121, 534, 535]
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Isoliquiritigenin	[536]
	Glycyrrhizin		[537]
	Glabridin	[538]	[538]
	Extract	[539–541]	[126, 540, 542]
Gymnema sylvestre	Extract		[543–545]	[546, 547]
Hemidesmus indicus	HMBA	[548]	[549, 550]
	Extract		[551]
Holarrhena antidysenterica	Extract		[552]
Hordeum vulgare	Extract	[134, 553]	[554]
Indigofera tinctoria	TCA		[555]
	Indigtone		[556]
	Extract		[557, 558]
Inula racemosa	Extract	[559]	[136, 543, 560]
Ipomoea nil	Extract	[561]
Lavendula stoechas	Extract	[562, 563]
Leucas cephalotes	Extract		[140]
Mangifera indica	Extract	[564–567]	[565, 568–573]
	3beta-taraxerol	[574]
	Mangiferin		[575]
Mentha piperita	Extract	[576]	[577, 578]	[579]
	Oil	[580, 581]
	Flavonoid		[582]
Mimusops elengi	Extract		[147, 583]
Momordica charantia	Extract	[584–588]	[589–594]	[148, 595]
Moringa oleifera	Extract		[596–601]	[602]
Mucuna pruriens	Extract		[603–607]
Nardostachys jatamansi	Extract		[608–611]
Nelumbo nucifera	(S)-armepavine		[154, 612, 613]	[614]
	Neferine		[615]
	Kaempferol	[616]
	Isoliensinine	[617]
	Extract		[618–620]
Nigella sativa	Thymoquinone	[621]	[621–628]	[629–631]
	Polyphenols		[632]
	Extract	[633]	[624, 634–637]
Nyctanthes arbortristis	arbortristoside-A		[156]
	Extract		[638, 639]
Ocimum sanctum	Eugenol		[640, 641]	[642, 643]
	Extract/oil	[644]	[320, 645–647]
Operculina turpethum	Extract		[161, 648]
Orchis mascula	Extract		[162]
Oroxylum indicum	Baicalein	[163]
	Extract	[649, 650]	[651]
Phyllanthus amarus	Niranthin		[165]
	Phyllanthin	[652]
	Extract/lignan		[653–659]
Phyllanthus niruri	Arabinogalactan	[660]		[661]
	Extract/lignan	[662]	[662–666]
Picrorhiza kurroa	Picroliv		[667–670]	[671]
	Extract	[166, 672]
Piper chaba	Amides/Extracts		[673, 674]
Piper longum	Piperine	[675]	[675–677]
	Piperlongumine	[678]
	Piperinic acid	[679]	[679, 680]
	Extract/oil	[167]	[681–684]
Piper nigrum	Piperine		[685–687]	[688, 689]
	Extract	[110]	[690]
Pistacia integerrima	Extract		[169, 691]
Pluchea lanceolata	Extract		[692, 693]
Plumbago zeylanica	Plumbagin	[172, 694, 695]	[664, 696]
	Seselin	[697]
	Suberosin	[698]
Pongamia pinnata	Pongamol, Karanjin		[699]
	Extract		[700–704]
Psoralea corylifolia	Bavachin	[705]
	Psoralen		[706]
	Bakuchiol	[707, 708]
	Furocoumarins		[709]
	Extract	[710, 711]	[710, 712]
Pterocarpus marsupium	Pterostilbene		[179]
	Flavanoids		[713]
	Extract		[714]
Pterocarpus santalinus	Savinin	[715]
	Extract		[180, 716]
Pueraria tuberaosa	Lupinoside		[717]
	Extract		[718]
Punica granatum	Ellagitannins		[181, 719]	[720–722]
	Punicalagin	[723]	[181, 723]
	Anthocyanin		[724]
	Extract	[725, 726]	[727–729]
Putranjiva roxburghii	Extract		[182]
Quercus infectoria	Extract		[183, 730]
Raphanus sativus	Extract	[731]	[732, 733]	[734]
Ricinus communis	Ricinoleic acid		[188]
	Extract		[735–737]
Rosa damascena	Flavonoids	[190]
	Extract/oil		[738–740]
Rubia cordifolia	Rubiadin		[741]
	Mollugin	[191]
	Extract		[742–744]
Rumex maritimus	Extract		[745]
Salvadora persica	Extract		[193]
Santalum album	Oil		[746]
	Lignan	[747]
Saphindus trifoliatus	Extract		[196, 748]
Saraca indica	Saracin	[198]
Saussurea lappa	Extract	[749]	[17]
	Lactone	[750]
	Arctigenin	[751]
	Cynaropicrin	[752, 753]
	Costunolide	[754]
Sesamum indicum	Sesaminol		[755, 756]
	Sesamin	[201]
	Sesamol		[757]
	Extract		[758–761]
Sida cordfolia	Extract		[762–766]
Solanum indicum	Extract	[767]	[203]
Solanum nigrum	Extract	[768, 769]	[748, 755, 770–773]
Solanum xanthocarpum	Extract		[206, 774]
Sphaeranthus indicus	7-hydroxyfrullanolide	[775]
	Extract		[207, 776]
Stereospermum suaveolen	Extract		[208, 777]
Strychnos nuxvomica	Brucine	[209]	[778]
	Extract	[779, 780]
Swertia chirata	Amarogentin		[210]
	Extract		[781, 782]
Symplocos crataegoides	Triterpenes	[211]
Syzygium aromaticum	Acetyl eugenol	[783]
	Extract		[212, 784, 785]	[786]
Syzyium cumini	ferulic acid		[787] [788]
	Extract		[789–792]
Tamarix gallica	Extract		[214, 793]
Terminalia arjuna	Arjunic acid		[794]
	Casuarinin	[795, 796]
	Terminoside A	[797]
	Extract		[215, 216, 798–800]	[801]
Terminalia belerica	Extract		[549, 802–806]
Terminalia chebula	Chebulagic acid	[807]	[808]
	Extract		[549, 803, 806, 809–812]
Thymus vulgaris	Thymol, Carvacrol	[813]
	Extract	[220]	[814]
Tinospora cordifolia	Extract	[815]	[222, 506, 816–819]
Trachyspermum ammi	Extract		[225, 820]
Tribulus terrestris	Tribulosin		[821]
	Saponion	[822]	[823]
	Extract		[226, 228, 824, 825]
Trigonella foenum-graecum	Diosgenin	[826]	[229, 826, 827]
	Galactomannan		[828]
	Extract		[829–836]
Valeriana wallichii	Extract		[837, 838]
Vanda roxburghii	Extract		[235, 839]
Vernonia cinerea	Extract	[236]	[757, 840–843]
Viola odorata	Cycloviolacin	[844]
	Extract	[845]
Vitex negundo	Vitexins		[238]
	Diterpenes	[846]
	Extract		[847–850]
Withania somnifera	Withaferin-A	[851, 852]	[241]	[853]
	Withanolide sulfoxide	[240]	[854]
	Withanamides	[855]
	Extract	[856]	[857–859]
Zingiber officinale	[6]-Gingerol	[860]	[860, 861]
	6-Shogaol	[862–864]
	Extract	[865, 866]	[867–871]	[872, 873]

ABP, abrin-derived peptide; AKBA, Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid; TCA, trans-tetracos-15-enoic acid; HMBA, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid