Table 3.

Risk of lung cancer associated with previous lung disease among never smokers

Study	Design/population	Exposure Group		Reference Group	Risk Estimate (95% CI)	Adjustment Variables
Hinds et al. (1982) (166)	Case-control: 211 female lung cancer cases (never smokers) 419 female population controls (never smokers) Study location: USA (HI) Study years: 1968–1978	History of pulmonary tuberculosis infection	vs.	No history of pulmonary tuberculosis infection	8.2 (1.3–54.4)	age, birthplace, race
Zheng et al. (1987) (165)	Case-control: 415 male and female lung cancer cases (never smokers) 714 male and female population controls (never smokers) Study location: China (Shanghai) Study years: 1984–1986	Diagnosed with tuberculosis <20 years ago	vs.	Never diagnosed with tuberculosis	3.5 (1.5–8.0)	age, education, gender
		Diagnosed with tuberculosis ≥20 years ago	vs.	Never diagnosed with tuberculosis	1.0 (0.7–1.5)	age, education, gender
Alavanja et al. (1992) (180)	Case-control: 186 female lung cancer cases (never smokers) 234 female population controls (never smokers) Study location: USA (MO) Study years: 1986–1991	History of lung lung disease (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pluerisy, pneumonia, tuberculosis)	vs.	No history of lung disease	1.4	none stated
		History of asthma	vs.	No history of asthma	2.7	none stated
		History of pneumonia	vs.	No history of pneumonia	1.5	none stated
		History of tuberculosis	vs.	No history of tuberculosis	“no association” (estimate not stated)	none stated
		History of pleurisy	vs.	No history of pleurisy	“no association” (estimate not stated)	none stated
		History of chronic bronchitis	vs.	No history of chronic bronchitis	“no association” (estimate not stated)	none stated
Lan et al. (1993) (181)	Case-control: 139 female lung cancer cases (nonsmokers) 139 female population controls (nonsmokers) Study location: China (Xuanwei) Study years: 1988–1990	History of chronic bronchitis	vs.	No history of chronic bronchitis	7.04 (1.79–27.77)	age, menstrual cycle length, age of menopause, smoky coal exposure
Ko et al. (1997) (182)	Case-control: 105 female lung cancer cases (never smokers) 105 female hospital controls (never smokers) Study location: Taiwan Study years: 1992–1993	History of pulmonary tuberculosis infection	vs.	No history of pulmonary tuberculosis infection	5.9 (1.3–25.9)	age, living near industrial district, cooking fuels, fume extractor use, vegetable consumption, SES, residential area, education
Shen et al. (1998) (183)	Case-control: 70 female adenocarcinoma cases (never smokers) 70 female population controls (never smokers) Study location: China (Nanjing) Study year: 1993	History of pulmonary tuberculosis or chronic broncitis	vs.	No history of pulmonary tuberculosis or chronic bronchitis	3.90 (1.00–20.94)	age, occupation, neighborhood, cooking fumes, family history of cancer
Santillan et al. (2003) (167)	Meta-analysis: 5 case-control studies 1370 total male and female lung cancer cases Study locations: USA, China Publication dates: 1985–2001	History of asthma	vs.	No history of asthma	1.8 (1.3–2.3)	not stated
Neuberger et al. (2006) (184)	Case-control: 56 female lung cancer cases (never smokers) 414 female population controls (never smokers) Study location: USA (IA) Study years: 1993–1996	Previous lung disease (bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, tuberculosis, silicosis, asbestosis, COPD)	vs.	No previous lung disease	2.28 (1.24–4.18)	age, education, radon
Seow et al. (2006) (185)	Case-control: 126 female lung cancer cases (never smokers) 162 female hospital controls (never smokers) Study location: Singapore Study years: 1996–1998	History of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis (all histological types)	vs.	No history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis (all histological types)	1.5 (0.8–2.6)	age, fruit and vegetable intake, birthplace, SHS exposure
		History of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis (adenocarcinomas)	vs.	No history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis (adenocarcinomas)	1.6 (0.9–3.1)	age, fruit and vegetable intake, birthplace, SHS exposure

Abbreviations:

CI: confidence interval

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

SES: socioeconomic status

SHS: secondhand smoke