Table 4.
Results of studies on exposure to radiation and risk of lung cancer among never smokers
| Study | Design/population | Exposure Group | Reference Group | Risk Estimate (95% CI) | Adjustment Variables | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neugut et al. (1994) (173) | Case-control: 16 female lung cancer cases among breast cancer survivors (nonsmokers) 348 female breast cancer survivor controls (nonsmokers) Study location: USA (CT) Study years: 1986–1989 |
Received radiation therapy for breast cancer | vs. | Did not receive radiation therapy for breast cancer | 3.2 (0.6–17.4) | age |
|
| ||||||
| van Leeuwen et al. (1995) (175) | Case-control: From a cohort of 1939 Hodgkin’s disease patients: 8 male and female lung cancer cases (nonsmokers) 33 male and female controls (nonsmokers) Study location: The Netherlands Study years: 1966–1986 |
Received 1–5 Gy radiation therapy for Hodgkin’s disease | vs. | Received <1 Gy radiation therapy for Hodgkin’s disease | 0.99 (0.07–14.7) | age, gender, treatment center, date of Hodgkin’s diagnosis |
| Received ≥5 Gy radiation therapy for Hodgkin’s disease | vs. | Received <1 Gy radiation therapy for Hodgkin’s disease | 2.5 (0.21–29.4) Ptrend = 0.43 |
age, gender, treatment center, date of Hodgkin’s diagnosis | ||
|
| ||||||
| Hu et al. (2002) (144) | Case-control: 161 female lung cancer cases (never smokers) 483 female population controls Study location: Canada Study years: 1994–1997 |
Occupational radiation sources | vs. | No occupational exposure to radiation sources | 2.1 (0.7–6.8) | age, province, education, social class |
|
| ||||||
| Ford et al. (2003) (186) | Case-control: 41 female lung cancer cases among breast cancer survivors (never smokers) 159 female breast cancer survivor controls (never smokers) Study location: USA (TX) Study years: 1960–1997 |
Received radiation therapy for breast cancer | vs. | Did not receive radiation therapy for breast cancer | 0.60 | age, ethnicity, breast cancer histology, type of breast cancer surgery, date of breast cancer diagnosis |
|
| ||||||
| Boffetta et al. (2005) (187) | Case-control: 209 male and female lung cancer cases (never smokers) 976 male and female hospital and population controls (never smokers) Study location: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia Study years: 1998–2002 |
1–30 occupational x-ray examinations | vs. | No occupational x-ray examinations | 1.22 (0.73–2.03) | none stated |
| >30 occupational x-ray examinations | vs. | No occupational x-ray examinations | 2.30 (1.15–4.57) | none stated | ||
|
| ||||||
| Prochazka et al. (2005) (174) | Case series: 82 women diagnosed with breast cancer and then subsequent lung cancer (nonsmokers) Study location: Sweden Study years: 1958–2000 |
Received ipsilateral radiation therapy for breast cancer (breast and lung cancer on same side) | vs. | Contralateral radiation dose to lung ≤15% of the ipsilateral dose (lung on opposite side of breast cancer served as control) | 0.9 (0.37–2.22) | none stated |
Abbreviations:
CI: confidence interval
Gy: gray