. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Sep 10.

Published in final edited form as: Sociol Educ. 2009 Oct;82(4):344–367. doi: 10.1177/003804070908200403

Table 2.

Influences on Educational Achievement and Attainment

	12^th Grade GPA^a			Highest Degree Achieved^b
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Age	−.007	−.005	−.004	1.373^***	1.381^***	1.387^***
Female	.204^***	.203^***	.204^***	1.312^***	1.298^***	1.301^***
Private School	−.113^*	−.110	−.110	1.842^***	1.860^***	1.842^***
Extracurricular Activities	.008	.007	.007	1.058^***	1.055^***	1.052^***
Work
0 hours	---	---	---	---	---	---
1 - 20 hours	−.023	−.028	−.026	1.052	1.036	1.044
21+ hours	−.043	−.049	−.046	.891	.879	.889
*Social Background*
Race
White	---	---	---	---	---	---
Black	−.076^*	−.078^*	−.077^*	1.760^***	1.755^***	1.754^***
Asian	−.116^*	−.114^*	−.115^*	1.373	1.387	1.376
Hispanic	−.037	−.035	−.035	1.225	1.247	1.250
Native American	−.031	−.031	−.028	.814	.818	.823
Neighborhood Disadvantage	−.028	−.029	−.031	.826	.823^*	.824^*
Neighborhood Disadvantage - Missing	.010	.008	.006	.926	.919	.912
*Parental Resources*
Family Income (in $1,000)	.001^**	.001^**	.001^**	1.003^***	1.003^***	1.003^***
Family Income - Missing	−.021	−.020	−.019	.970	.973	.973
Parent in PTA	.017	.019	.018	1.217^***	1.226^***	1.222^***
Parent in PTA - Missing	.041	.043	.042	.986	.990	.982
2-Parent Biological	.058^**	.058^**	.057^**	1.579^***	1.579^***	1.573^***
Highest Parent’s Education	.044^***	.041^***	.041^***	1.443^***	1.431^***	1.435^***
Relationship with Parents	.035^*	.035^*	.035^*	1.045	1.042	1.042
*Peer Resources*
Number of Friends	.004	.003	.003	1.020	1.015	1.015
Friends’ Mean 9^th Grade GPA	.102^***	.101^***	.100^***	1.174^**	1.167^*	1.163^*
Friends’ Mean 9^th Grade GPA - Missing	.004	−.001	.000	1.155	1.126	1.125
Peer Network Centrality	.008	.010	.011	1.152^*	1.157^*	1.159^*
Peer Network Centrality - Missing	.119	.116	.119	.824	.813	.820
*School Resources*
Student/Teacher Environment	.255^*	.250^*	.246^*	1.381	1.343	1.331
Student/Teacher Environment - Missing	−.090	−.085	−.089	1.021	1.045	1.029
Average Class Size	−.002	−.002	−.002	.990	.990	.990
School Size	−.084^**	−.085^**	−.086^**	1.283^**	1.278^**	1.269^**
*Personal Resources*
Physical Attractiveness	.035^**	.036^**	.037^**	1.028	1.035	1.038
Personality Attractiveness	.015	.013	.012	1.089^*	1.079^*	1.079^*
College Aspirations	.023	.021	.020	1.489^***	1.482^***	1.477^***
Picture Vocabulary Test	.002^*	.002	.002	1.026^***	1.025^***	1.024^***
Picture Vocabulary Test - Missing	−.008	−.009	−.010	1.038	1.033	1.028
9^th Grade GPA	.556^***	.553^***	.551^***	2.301^***	2.290^***	2.268^***
*Mentoring*
Mentor		.103^***			1.529^***
Social Role
Relative			.100^***			1.501^***
Friend			.059			1.400^***
Teacher			.151^***			1.987^***
Community			.088^**			1.303^***
Constant	−.483	−.514	−.491
N	9,216	9,216	9,216	12,621	12,621	12,621

Notes:

Unstandardized coefficients from OLS Regression.

Odds ratios from ordered logistic regression.

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001; two-tailed tests