Table 1.

Determinants of Access to US Pediatric Specialty Care [1-3]

Determinant	Promotes	Obstructs
Income	> 200% federal poverty level (FPL)‡	100-200% FPL ("near poor")
Race	White	Minority status or ethnicity
Transportation	Reliable	Inadequate
Parental education	High school diploma or higher	Failure to complete high school
Patient age	2-5 or 13-17 year olds	6-12 year olds
Geographic proximity*	Urban location	Distant location
Medical insuranceΔ	Present	Absent or under-insured
Cultural or language differences	Absent	Present

^‡ Gross annual income for family of 2 at 100% FPL: in the lower 48 states & District of Columbia = $14,710; in Alaska = $18,380; in Hawaii = $16,930 [4].

*Geographic proximity to care does not invariably lead to access.

^Δ Although coverage improves the likelihood of access, it is not a guarantee.