Table 4.
Logistic regression estimates (odds ratios) of displaying low cognitive scores at 48 months, shown separately for children with and without cognitive delay at 24 months
| Children with low cognitive score at the 24 month assessment (n = 1,000a) | Children with non-low cognitive score at the 24 month assessment (n = 6,250) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Male | 0.88 | 1.06 | 1.57*** | 1.68*** |
| Child age (months) | 0.85*** | 0.82*** | 0.85*** | 0.83*** |
| Ethnic origin | ||||
| Black | 2.30** | 1.60 | 4.39*** | 1.89*** |
| Hispanic | 2.32** | 1.36 | 6.18*** | 2.87*** |
| Asian | 0.88 | 1.10 | 1.73 | 1.54 |
| Native American | 0.86 | 0.38 | 5.66*** | 3.31*** |
| Other | 3.36* | 2.16 | 2.00* | 1.40 |
| White, non-hispanic | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Mother’s education at corresponding assessment | ||||
| Less than 9th grade | 30.49*** | 11.46*** | ||
| From 9th to 12th grade | 10.66*** | 5.93*** | ||
| High school graduate | 5.61** | 2.62** | ||
| Some training/college after high school | 3.03 | 1.56 | ||
| Four year college degree and above | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Family income at corresponding assessment | ||||
| Less than $10,000 | 7.58*** | 6.20*** | ||
| Between $10,001 and $20,000 | 4.17** | 4.85*** | ||
| Between $20,001 and $40,000 | 3.19* | 3.86*** | ||
| Between $40,001 and $75,000 | 3.17** | 2.31* | ||
| At or above $75,001 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||
| Maternal age = 35 or older | 1.22 | 0.89 | ||
| Marital status = unmarried, 48 month assessment | 0.78 | 1.02 | ||
| Medical risk factor(s) | 1.36 | 0.77 | ||
| Behavioral risk factor(s) | 1.17 | 0.83 | ||
| Obstetric procedure(s) | 0.91 | 0.81* | ||
| Labor complication(s) | 0.98 | 1.04 | ||
| Multiple birth | 1.25 | 1.48* | ||
| Gestation | ||||
| Very preterm ≤32 weeks | 0.33 | 3.07** | ||
| Moderately preterm 33–36 weeks | 0.82 | 1.17 | ||
| Birthweight | ||||
| Very low birthweight | 3.42* | 0.56 | ||
| Moderately low birthweight | 1.26 | 1.13 | ||
| Congenital anomaly | 1.07 | 1.26 | ||
* P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01, *** P ≤ 0.001
Literacy, math, color knowledge, and receptive vocabulary scores were converted into z-scores and summed to produce cognitive score at 48 months; lowest 10% were defined as low
Bayley mental Score was used as cognitive score at 24 months; lowest 10% were defined as low
aAll sample sizes in this table are rounded to the nearest 50 in accordance with ECLS-B data confidentiality requirements (available at http://nces.ed.gov/ecls/birthdatainformation.asp)