Table 1.

Summary of outcomes of 28 studies on the association of analysis of polymorphisms in vitamin D signal related genes with prostate cancer risk.

Gene(s)		Polymorphism(s)	Case/control	Results
(1)	VDR	Taq1	108/170	The tt genotype reduced cancer risk compared to the Tt or TT genotype [146]
(2)	VDR & AR	AR CAG repeat and VDR PolyA	57/169	The short CAG or long PolyA increased cancer risk and both increased risk of advanced cancer [147]
(3)	VDR	BsmI, ApaI, and Taq1	222/128 A Japanese population	Only BsmI BB or Bb genotype was associated with one-third of the risk of prostate cancer in a Japanese population [148]
(4)	VDR	BsmI, ApaI, and Taq1	81 familial cases/105 A Japanese population	No association [149]
(5)	VDR	Fok1, BsmI, Taq1, and PolyA	A meta-analysis of 14 studies	No association [150]
(6)	VDR	FokI, BsmI, ApaI, TaqI, and PolyA	African Americans (113/121) Whites (232/171)	No association but Fok1 FF genotype was associated with cancer risk in young African American [151]
(7)	VDR	Apal and Taql	165/200 A Brazilian population	No association [152]
(8)	VDR	BsmI, FokI, and PolyA	559/523	No association with overall cancer risk, but the BsmI bb was associated with a modest risk increase of localized prostate cancer compared to the BB genotype [153]
(9)	VDR	BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI	160/205 A Taiwanese population	No overall cancer risk association with ApaI and TaqI. But the Bsm1 BB and Bb versus the bb genotypes were negatively associated with risk of cancer [154]
(10)	VDR	BsmI and TaqI	428 white men and 310 African-American men	No association with overall cancer risk except that the Bsm1 B allele was inversely associated with recurrence of locally advanced cancer among white men [155]
(11)	VDR	CDX-2, Fok1, and Taq1	368 cancer/243 BPH	CDX-2 GA and AA and Fok1 ff were associated with increased prostate cancer risk in men with UVR exposure above the median, but genotype combinations such as GGTT and FFTT were associated with reduced risk in the higher UVR exposure group [106]
(12)	VDR	Cdx2, Fox1, Taq1, and Bgl II	450/455	FokI FF or Ff, TaqI tt, and BglI BB genotypes not Cdx2 genotypes may significantly protect against cancer progression with high sun exposure [156]
(13)	VDR	Fok1	128/147 An Indian population	Only the FF genotype showed an increased cancer risk [157]
(14)	VDR	FokI and BsmI	812/713 An Australian population	These two SNPs had no effect on prostate cancer risk [158]
(15)	VDR, VDBP	Novel sequence variations in the two promoters	165/324 African-American men	A novel VDR-5132 T/C SNP (i.e., CC genotype) was found to increase cancer risk in African-American men [159]
(16)	VDR	TaqI, BsmI, ApaI, FokI, and Poly(A)	A meta-analysis of 26 studies	No association [160]
(17)	VDR, CYP27A1, CYP24A1	38 SNPs	630/565	Only two VDR SNP loci, rs2107301, and rs2238135, with TT and CC genotypes, respectively, had a 2- to 2.5-fold increased risk of prostate cancer compared with the respective homozygote CC and TT alleles [161]
(18)	VDR	Fok1	1,066/1,618	The Fok1 ff genotype was found to increase cancer risk when 25(OH)D levels were lower than the median [162]
(19)	VDR	SNPs in haplotype block subregions C2 and C1	430 cancer/430 BPH UK men	Haplotype block C including G(3436)-A(3944)-C(20965)-C(30056), (G or C)-A-C-C, and G-A-(C or T)-C was found significantly to increase cancer risk in men with very low UVR exposure [163]
(20)	VDR	Apa I, BsmI, and Taq I	133/157 a Turkish population	Prostate cancer risk was found to be increased in those whose genotypes were either the Aa or aa compared to those with the AA type [164]
(21)	VDR, SRD5A2	Fox1 or Cdx2 and SRD5A2 V89L	444/488 Non-Hispanic White (NHW) men 141/273 Hispanic White (HW) men	Prostate cancer risk was increased by the interaction of the genotype with VDR SRD5A2 V89L VV FokI TT/CT genotypes in NHW men and the interaction of the SRD5A2 V89L VV genotype with VDR CDX2 GG genotypes in HW men [165]
(22)	CYP27A1, GC, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, VDR, 7 vitamin D signaling downstream genes	212 SNPs	749/781	No association with overall cancer risk except that the BsmI and rs11574143 were associated with cancer risk only in men with lower 25(OH)D levels [166]
(23)	VDR	Fok1,Cdx2,Bsm1, Apa1, and Taq1	1,604 cases plus a meta-analysis of 13 studies	The BsmI (bb versus BB +Bb), ApaI (aa versus AA+Aa), and TaqI (Tt + tt versus TT) SNPs were determined to be associated with high Gleasone scores/cancer progression [167]
(24)	VDR		a meta-analysis of several cancers	For prostate cancer, Caucasian men with BsmI Bb would have significant reduction in cancer risk compared with bb genotype. It also concluded that Fok1 ff would contribute to the increase in cancer risk compared with FF genotype [168]
(25)	VDR	Taql, Apal, Bsml, Fok1, and CDX2	a meta-analysis of 36 studies	The Taql t and Bsml B alleles were found to be inversely associated with the risk. the Apal a allele was contributed to the reduction of cancer risk only in Asian populations, and the Fokl f allele was contributed to increased cancer risk only in Caucasian populations [169]
(26)	VDR, CYP27B1, CYP24A1	48 SNPs	827/787	No significant evidence of association of any of these SNPs (including VDR BsmI, TaqI, ApaI and FokI) with overall cancer risk or risk for tumor aggressiveness was found [170]
(27)	VDR	FokI, BsmI, Tru9I, ApaI, and TaqI	122/130 A Chinese Han population	Only BsmI B allele was found to be inversely associated with cancer risk compared with the b allele [171]
(28)	VDR, CYP19A1, CYP17A1, and AR	common SNPs in VDR, CYP17A1 CYP19A1 CAG repeat in AR	95 Italian heredofamilial prostate cancer (HFPC) cases/378 sporadic cancer	Only SNP rs10735810 (VDR1) T/T genotype in exon 4 of and SNP rs731236 (VDR2) T/T genotype in exon 11 of VDR showed positive interaction resulting in increased cancer risk for the HFPC patients compared to sporadic cancer [172]