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Phenotypes of σ mutants. (A) Relative core binding of σ70 mutants defective in promoter-proximal pausing. Symbols and protocols as in Fig. 2C. (B) Effects of σ mutants on promoter proximal pausing. Each mutant σ was assessed in vitro for the ability to facilitate the pause in transcription that occurs at +16 after initiation at the λPRpromoter. Transcription reactions were sampled at 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 min.
