Table 2.

Scheme illustrating the authors’ hypotheses regarding the homologies of the mandibular muscles of adults of representative primate taxa. The nomenclature of the muscles follows that of Diogo & Abdala (2010)

Lemur (8 muscles)	Tarsius (8 muscles)	Aotus (8 muscles)	Macaca (8 muscles)	Hylobates (8 muscles)	Pongo (7 muscles)	Gorilla (8 muscles)	Pan (8 muscles)	Homo (8 muscles)
Ventral
Mylohyoideus	Mylohyoideus	Mylohyoideus	Mylohyoideus	Mylohyoideus	Mylohyoideus	Mylohyoideus	Mylohyoideus	Mylohyoideus
Digastricus anterior	Digastricus anterior	Digastricus anterior	Digastricus anterior	Digastricus anterior	–	Digastricus anterior	Digastricus anterior	Digastricus anterior
Adductor mandibulae
Masseter	Masseter	Masseter	Masseter	Masseter	Masseter	Masseter	Masseter	Masseter
Temporalis	Temporalis	Temporalis	Temporalis	Temporalis	Temporalis	Temporalis	Temporalis	Temporalis
Pterygoideus lateralis	Pterygoideus lateralis	Pterygoideus lateralis	Pterygoideus lateralis	Pterygoideus lateralis	Pterygoideus lateralis	Pterygoideus lateralis	Pterygoideus lateralis	Pterygoideus lateralis
Pterygoideus medialis	Pterygoideus medialis	Pterygoideus medialis	Pterygoideus medialis	Pterygoideus medialis	Pterygoideus medialis	Pterygoideus medialis	Pterygoideus medialis	Pterygoideus medialis
Tensor tympani	Tensor tympani	Tensor tympani	Tensor tympani	Tensor tympani	Tensor tympani	Tensor tympani	Tensor tympani	Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini	Tensor veli palatini	Tensor veli palatini	Tensor veli palatini	Tensor veli palatini	Tensor veli palatini	Tensor veli palatini	Tensor veli palatini	Tensor veli palatini

Data from evidence provided by our own dissections and comparisons and by a review of the literature. Ventral, adductor mandibulae = ventral musculature and adductor mandibulae musculature sensuEdgeworth (1935).