Table 1.
Frequency cervical ribs (%) | Other rib anomalies (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study population | N | Overall | Bilateral | Unilateral right | Unilateral left | Absent and/or rudimentary 1st rib | Absent and/or rudimentary 12th rib | Lumbar rib | Reference |
Fetuses | |||||||||
Healthy unborn* | 367 | 1.4 | 40 | NR | NR | NR | 4.1 | 0.84 | Hershkovitz (2008) |
Stillborn | 728 | 19.2 | 77.9 | 15.0 | 7.1 | NR | NR | 1.1 | Bagnall et al. (1984) |
NR† | 136 | 25 | 70.6 | 8.8 | 20.6 | NR | NR | 2.2 | Noback & Robertson (1951) |
Deceased (no anomalies) | 48 | 31 | NR | NR | NR | 0 | 3.5 | 10.5 | Galis et al. (2006) |
NR‡ | 177 | 33 | 65 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Meyer (1978) |
Elective abortions† | 199 | 37.7 | 70.7 | 12 | 17.3 | 1.0 | 12.6 | 1.5 | This study |
Deceased (single minor anomalies) | 64 | 42 | NR | NR | NR | 0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | Galis et al. (2006) |
Deceased (multiple minor anomalies) | 44 | 45 | NR | NR | NR | 0 | 4.5 | 7 | Galis et al. (2006) |
Deceased (single major anomalies) | 56 | 50 | NR | NR | NR | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | Galis et al. (2006) |
Deceased (multiple major anomalies) | 235 | 63 | NR | NR | NR | 3.5 | 1 | 7.5 | Galis et al. (2006) |
Stillborn | 715 | 63 | 73 | 16 | 11 | NR | 9.2 | 0.7 | McNally et al. (1990) |
Children | |||||||||
< 13 years (hospital database) | 2000 | 0.5 | 89 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Southam & Bythell (1924) |
< 12 years (healthy siblings of TB patients) | 25949 | 0.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Menárguez Carretero & Campo Muñoz (1967) |
< 13 years (hospital database) | 1000 | 1.2 | 83 | 0 | 17 | NR | NR | NR | Davis & King (1939) |
≤ 1 year (deceased myelomeningoceles patients) | 112 | 4.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 21.4 | 1.8 | Naik et al. (1978)7 |
≤ 14 years (infectious disease patients) | 200 | 4.5 | 78 | 11 | 11 | NR | NR | NR | Schumacher et al. (1992) |
≤ 18 years (asthma and infectious disease patients) | 881 | 6.1§ | NR | NR | NR | NR | 5.3 | 0.9 | Merks et al. (2005) |
≤ 18 years (tumor patients) | 906 | 8.6§ | NR | NR | NR | NR | 6.6 | 0.9 | Merks et al. (2005) |
≤ 21 years (tumor patients) | 1000 | 20.4 | 79 | 10 | 11 | NR | 3.6 | NR | Schumacher et al. (1992) |
All data were collected through radiological examinations unless stated otherwise.
NR, not reported; TB, tuberculosis.
Data collected using 3D ultrasound.
Data collected using alizarin red staining.
Data collected using silver staining.
Combining cases with cervical ribs and transverse apophysemegaly as the latter can be considered a small cervical rib that fused with the vertebral body (Redenbach & Nelems, 1998).