Table 4. Associations between growth characteristics and blood pressure at birth defined by Parasite density and Timing of Malaria.

a. Parasite density#						b. TIMING of maternal malaria*
Variable	Malaria	mean	Δ	95% CI of Difference	p-value+	Malaria	mean	Δ	95% CI of Difference	p-value+
Triceps mm	None	4.2	0.3	0.0,0.5	0.031	No malaria	4.2	0.1	0.0, 0.3	0.139
	Low	4.2	0.3	−0.2,0.5	0.074	In pregnancy	4.1	*
	High	3.9	#			At delivery	4.1	0.0	−0.2, 0.3	0.453
Biceps mm	None	3.7	0.2	0.0,0.4	0.029	No malaria	3.7	0.2	0.0, 0.3	0.024
	Low	3.6	0.1	−0.1,0.3	0.365	In pregnancy	3.5	*
	High	3.5	#			At delivery	3.6	0.1	−0.1, 0.3	0.446
Suprailiac	None	4.4	0.2	−0.0, 0.5	0.05	No malaria	4.4	−0.1	−0.0, 0.4	0.135
mm	Low	4.3	0.1	−0.1, 0.4	0.26	In pregnancy	4.3	*
	High	4.2	#			At delivery	4.3	0.0	−0.3, 0.3	0.865
Subs/Triceps	None	1.0	0.0	−0.0, 0.0	0.717	No malaria	1.03	0.0	−0.0, 0.0	0.975
Ratio	Low	1.0	0.0	−0.0, 0.0	0.693	In pregnancy	1.03	*
	High	1.0	#			At delivery	1.02	−0.01	−0.0, 0.0	0.857
SBP mmHg	None	72.4	3.0	−0.4,6.4	0.082	No malaria	72.4	1.4	−1.3, 4.3	0.292
	Low	69.5	0.1	−3.6,3.8	0.956	In pregnancy	71.0	*
	High	69.4	#			At delivery	66.7	−4.3	−8.0, −0.6	0.001
DBP mmHg	None	37.0	1.0	−1.4,3.3	0.442	No malaria	37.0	1.1	−0.9, 3.0	0.294
	Low	34.7	−1.3	−3.9,1.3	0.329	In pregnancy	35.9	*
	High	36.0	#			At delivery	33.9	−2.0	−4.7, 0.6	0.125

⁺ Analysis of Variance.

#Reference group = High parasitaemia.

*Reference group = Malaria in pregnancy.

There were no differences between Low parasitaemia and None.

Δ – Difference; Subs – Subscapular skinfold thickness; SBP- Systolic blood pressure; DBP- Diastolic blood pressure.