TABLE 2.
EXTRAPULMONARY ANOMALIES ASSOCIATED WITH ALVEOLAR CAPILLARY DYSPLASIA WITH MISALIGNMENT OF THE PULMONARY VEINS
| System | Examples (References) |
| Gastrointestinal | Intestinal malrotation (10, 14–16, 30, 34, 46, 63) |
| Esophageal atresia (14) | |
| Tracheoesophageal fistula (14, 15) | |
| Anal atresia (14, 51) | |
| Absent gallbladder (10, 14, 29, 34) | |
| Postpyloric ecstasy of the small intestine (34, 64) | |
| Omphalocele (23) | |
| Duodenal stenosis (14, 21, 34, 63) | |
| Meckel diverticulum (34, 59) | |
| Arteriovenous malformation of the liver (cavernous hemangioma) (10, 20) | |
| Volvulus of the small bowel (34, 63) | |
| Total absence or decreased number of ganglionic cells of the colon (10, 14, 15, 39, 63) | |
| Redundant colon (14, 15, 34, 63) | |
| Imperforate anus (10, 14, 20, 34) | |
| Annular pancreas (14, 30, 34) | |
| Asplenia (14, 22, 34, 43) | |
| Urogenital | Bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction with hydronephrosis (9, 10, 34) |
| Bilateral hydronephrosis, posterior urethral valves (10, 15, 34, 63) | |
| Bladder hypertrophy (10) | |
| Hydroureter (10) | |
| Stenosis of the distal ureters with hydronephrosis (34, 37, 65) | |
| Bicornuate uterus (8, 34, 63, 66) | |
| Cryptorchidism (9, 15, 34) | |
| Cardiovascular | Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, left outflow tract stenosis (10, 34, 40, 44) |
| Bicuspid aortic valve (21, 40) | |
| Patent ductus arteriosus (43, 44) | |
| Atrial septal defect (10, 43, 44) | |
| Atrioventricular septal defect, quadricuspid pulmonary valve (40) | |
| Pulmonary valvular and subvalvular stenosis (43) | |
| Malformed mitral and tricuspid valves (10, 59) | |
| Retroesophageal subclavian artery (34, 63) | |
| Continuation of the left superior vena cava with the coronary sinus (18, 34) | |
| Absent right umbilical artery (34) | |
| Cor triatriatum, nonobstructive (10, 34, 43, 46) |