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. 2011 May;19(2):91–99. doi: 10.1179/106698111X12973307659546

Table 1. PPMs compared to isolated components of functional tests utilized in musculoskeletal testing.

Impairment tests (isolated components) PPMs (integrating components of impairment testing)

  • Muscle performance (primarily includes manual muscle testing)

  • Motor function

  • ROM (including muscle length)

  • Joint integrity and mobility

  • Sensory integrity

  • Reflex integrity

  • Posture

  • Pain

  • Peripheral nerve integrity

  • Gait, locomotion, and balance

  • Aerobic capacity/endurance

  • Trunk endurance testing

  • Movement patterns

  • Excursion reach testing

  • Jumping tests

  • Hopping tests

  • Strength testing

  • Power testing

  • Aerobic endurance testing in multiple planes of movement

  • Lifting tests

  • Balance/proprioceptive testing in multiple planes of movement

  • Medicine ball throws

  • Softball throw for distance

  • Speed, agility, and quickness testing

Note: PPMs = physical performance measures; ROM = range-of-motion.