Table 2. Proposed levels for assessment of function in an individual.

Levels for the assessment of function	Assessment examples
Level I    Assessment primarily at the level of subjective report (patient and clinician)	Self-report measures most indicative of dysfunction Bio-psycho-social measures relevant to dysfunction Self-report of activity rating scales (patient interpretation on specific requirements of their necessary activity level to return to previous level of function)61 Clinician analysis of specific sport/occupation/activities of daily living with respect to requirements (specific type of movements, energy system involvement, etc.)
Level II    Assessment primarily at the level of impairment	Anthropometric measurements (body mass index, girth and height measurements, etc.) Muscle length Manual muscle testing ROM Sensation Joint play
Level III    Assessment primarily at the level of static observation/posture/balance	Static posture Static balance (bilateral and single-leg balance static assessment)
Level IV    Assessment primarily at the level of dynamic posture, general movement patterns, and single plane dynamic balance	Dynamic posture (posture of individual as they perform movements required) General movement patterns (walking, transfer movements, etc.) Dynamic balance predominantly in one plane of movement without quality assessment (functional reach test, tandem walking, etc.)
Level V    Assessment primarily at the level of movement patterns encountered during higher level tasks and/or multi-planar dynamic balance	Assessment of movement patterns the individual performs with their primary tasks (specific sport, occupational, etc. tasks) Four square step
Level VI    Assessment primarily at the level of specific movement patterns	Functional movement screen Movement Impairment syndrome assessment
Level VII    Assessment of the individual primarily at the level of performance-based measures (PPM) occurring predominantly in one plane of movement	1 RM testing Trunk endurance Sit-up endurance Supine bridge Loaded forward reach Lunge Flexed arm hang Step-down Single-leg squat Single-leg inclined squat on total gym
Level VIII    Assessment primarily at the level of PPM occurring predominantly in one plane of movement, but requiring one or more of the following: Limited base of support Multiple joint involvement Multiple muscle group involvement Explosive movement	Aerobic endurance testing 1-mile walk Rockport walk 1·5-mile run 12-minute run 20-meter shuttle run Wingate anaerobic power Star excursion balance test Knee bending in 30 seconds Single jump and hop testing in one plane of movement Standing long jump Single-hop for distance Vertical jump Seated chest pass Seated shot-put throw
Level IX    Assessment primarily at the level of PPM occurring predominantly in multiple planes of movement and/or requiring explosive movement	Jump and hop testing in multiple planes of movement or requiring multiple jumps or hops Side-hop One-legged cyclic hop Hexagon jump Modified hexagon hop Figure 8 hop Carioca drill 6-meter timed hop Triple jump for distance Triple hop for distance Single-leg crossover hop for distance Hop testing after fatigue 300 shuttle run Bosco test Running-based anaerobic sprint test Lower extremity functional test Speed and agility testing Edgren side-step Illinois agility Pro agility (5-10-5) Three-cone drill T-test Zigzag run Sidearm medicine ball throw Underkoffler softball throw for distance
Level X    Assessment primarily at the level of PPM in multiple planes and/or explosive type of movement with the quality of the performance also assessed	Balance error scoring system Functional throwing performance index Multiple single-leg hop stabilization Tinetti assessment tool
Level XI    Assessment primarily at the level of replication of the specific tasks performed during the individual’s sport/occupation/daily activity and/or clustering of PPM that replicate component(s) of the sport/occupation/daily activity	Functional capacity evaluation Firefighting ‘ability test’ BEAST90 Functional abilities test
Level XII    Cumulative assessment (FPT) including performance assessment (quantitative and qualitative) with self-report and bio-psycho-social measures	Assessment forward and backward along the functional continuum (Fig. 2) utilizing each parameter of function (impairment, performance measures, and self-report measures) as necessary

Note: ROM = range-of-motion; PPM = physical performance measure; 1RM = one repetition maximum BEAST₉₀ = ball-sport endurance and sprint test; FPT = functional performance testing.