FIGURE 1.

Induction of autophagy by TAIII as revealed by tfLC3 imaging. A, HeLa cells expressing tfLC3 were treated with 10 μm TAIII or DMSO vehicle (control) and then examined with fluorescence microscope. Scale bars, 10 μm. B, quantitation of the percentage of cells showing tfLC3 dots after TAIII treatment. For cells expressing the tfLC3 dots, the fractions of yellow spots (autophagosomes) and orange spots (autolysosomes) in the merged images were determined. At least 100 cells were counted. C, HeLa cells were treated with 10 μm TAIII, 200 nm rapamycin (rpm), 5 nm bafilomycin A1 or their combination as indicated for 8 h. Immunoblot analysis of the cell lysates was performed to examine the levels of LC3-II and p62.