Table 2.

Attributes of Electronic Health care Databases

	Large Health Systems (Electronic Medical Record)	Medicaid	Medicare	Clinical Registries
				PAINCAS™	National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases	New York City Tri-Institutional Pain Registry
Demographic factors
Age, sex	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status	Variable	Variable	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Clinical, functional & other health status factors
Major comorbidities	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Body mass index	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Functional status	EMR abstraction	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Cognitive status	EMR abstraction	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Depressive symptom severity	Variable	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Frailty	EMR abstraction	No	No	Yes	Limited	Yes
Health status	Yes	Limited	Limited	Yes	Yes	Yes
Smoking and body mass index (BMI)status	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Other health behaviors	Variable	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ability to refine above factors by record review	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ability to refine above factors by patient interview	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pain variables
Pain severity	Variable	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pain extent	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Non-articular pain	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Articular pain	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Medication & medication-relatedoutcomes
Opioid exposure(s)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
NSAID exposure(s)	Limited	Limited	Limited	Yes	Yes	Yes
Other medication exposures(s)	Variable	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Current & cumulative dose estimation	Variable	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Adverse event identification	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ability to confirm by medical record review	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ability to confirm by patient interview	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Other
Population size covered	Millions	Millions	Millions	*	40,000	2,500
Enrollment status tracked	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Diverse population	Yes	Yes, but mostly young & poor	Yes	Variable	Variable	Variable
Ability to contact subjects for interviews, examination and/or collecting biological samples	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ability to access laboratory & radiology results	Yes	No	No	Yes	Variable	Yes
Initial identification from ICD/CPT codes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Potential to interview cases and controls for additional information	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Links to death registry	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No
Diagnosis and exclusion codes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Confirmation of diagnosis and exclusion by medical record	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

^*Still being tested.