TABLE 2.
Descriptive Statistics, Main Effects of Parent Gender, and Correlations between Mothers and Fathers across 9 Countries
| Mothers M (SD) | Fathers M (SD) | F | Fa | d | da | r | ra | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attributions | ||||||||
| Uncontrollable success | 5.02 (1.18) | 4.96 (1.15) | 2.13 | 2.27 | .05 | .05 | .36*** | .35*** |
| Adult-controlled failure | 4.27 (.77) | 4.27 (.80) | .06 | .00 | .01 | −.00 | .17*** | .17*** |
| Child-controlled failure | 3.97 (.68) | 3.97 (.67) | .00 | .00 | .00 | −.00 | .14*** | .14*** |
| Perceived control over failure | .30 (1.00) | .30 (1.04) | .02 | .00 | .01 | −.00 | .16*** | .16*** |
| Attitudes | ||||||||
| Progressive attitudes | 3.14 (.35) | 3.09 (.35) | 16.84*** | 19.62*** | .14 | .16 | .32*** | .28*** |
| Authoritarian attitudes | 2.65 (.45) | 2.68 (.44) | 6.72** | 15.38*** | −.07 | −.12 | .59*** | .48*** |
| Modernity of attitudes | .50 (.63) | .41 (.60) | 24.11*** | 37.12*** | .13 | .18 | .59*** | .49*** |
Note. Cohen’s d was computed using Equation 3 for paired samples in Dunlap, Cortina, Vaslow, and Burke (1996).
a
Controlling for parental age, education, and possible social desirability bias.
**
p ≤ .01.
***
p ≤ .001.