Table 1. Baseline Participant Characteristicsa.
| Characteristics | All Participants (N = 262) | Randomization Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 41) | Exercise Training Type | ||||
| Resistance (n = 73) | Aerobic (n = 72) | Combination (n = 76) | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 55.8 (8.7) | 58.6 (8.2) | 56.9 (8.7) | 53.7 (9.1) | 55.4 (8.3) |
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| Women, No. (%) | 165 (63.0) | 28 (68.3) | 43 (58.9) | 45 (62.5) | 49 (64.5) |
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| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | |||||
|
| |||||
| White | 138 (52.7) | 22 (53.7) | 41 (56.2) | 39 (54.2) | 36 (47.4) |
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| African American | 114 (43.5) | 17 (41.5) | 30 (41.1) | 33 (45.8) | 34 (44.7) |
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| Hispanic/other | 10 (3.8) | 2 (4.9) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (7.9) |
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| Smoking history, No. (%) | |||||
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| Current | 10 (3.8) | 2 (4.9) | 3 (4.1) | 2 (2.8) | 3 (4.0) |
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| Former | 77 (29.4) | 13 (31.7) | 25 (34.3) | 21 (29.2) | 18 (23.7) |
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| Diabetes factors, mean (SD) | |||||
|
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| HbA1c, % | 7.7 (1.0) | 7.9 (1.3) | 7.6 (0.9) | 7.6 (1.0) | 7.6 (1.0) |
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| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 151.0 (36.4) | 158.4 (40.7) | 153.8 (39.3) | 146.4 (30.6) | 148.8 (35.9) |
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| Duration of diabetes, y | 7.1 (5.5) | 7.2 (5.2) | 7.2 (5.5) | 7.4 (6.0) | 6.7 (5.4) |
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| Fasting insulin, median (IQR), μUI/mL | 15.3 (9.9-23.1) | 12.6 (10.7-21.5) | 16.0 (12.5-23.0) | 13.9 (8.3-22.7) | 16.9 (9.9-25.3) |
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| Hypoglycemic medications, No. (%) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Any | 255 (97.3) | 40 (97.6) | 73 (100) | 68 (94.4) | 74 (97.4) |
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| Biguanide | 170 (64.9) | 23 (56.1) | 46 (63.0) | 48 (66.7) | 53 (69.7) |
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| Thiazolidinediones | 46 (17.6) | 10 (24.4) | 11 (15.1) | 14 (19.4) | 11 (14.5) |
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| Sulfonylurea | 63 (24.1) | 11 (26.8) | 18 (24.7) | 17 (23.6) | 17 (22.4) |
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| Incretin mimetics | 27 (10.3) | 3 (7.3) | 10 (13.7) | 6 (8.3) | 8 (10.5) |
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| DPP-4 inhibitors | 13 (5.0) | 1 (2.4) | 6 (8.2) | 4 (5.6) | 2 (2.6) |
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| Meglitinides | 9 (3.4) | 2 (4.9) | 3 (4.1) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (4.0) |
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| Insulin | 48 (18.3) | 7 (17.1) | 9 (12.3) | 15 (20.8) | 17 (22.4) |
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| Combination drugs | 43 (16.4) | 8 (19.5) | 14 (19.2) | 9 (12.5) | 12 (15.8) |
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| Anthropometrics, mean (SD) | |||||
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| Weight, kg | 98.2 (18.8) | 97.0 (20.0) | 96.9 (16.6) | 97.5 (18.6) | 100.6 (20.4) |
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| BMI | 34.9 (5.9) | 34.8 (6.2) | 34.1 (5.4) | 34.7 (6.1) | 35.8 (6.2) |
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| Waist circumference, cm | 112.1 (13.8) | 110.6 (14.4) | 110.9 (12.2) | 111.3 (14.2) | 114.9 (14.5) |
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| Body fat, %b | 37.8 (7.3) | 38.5 (7.0) | 37.0 (7.6) | 37.1 (7.7) | 38.8 (6.8) |
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| Fat body mass, kgb | 37.1 (10.7) | 37.9 (11.8) | 36.1 (10.1) | 35.7 (10.1) | 39.0 (11.3) |
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| Lean body mass, kgb | 57.7 (11.0) | 56.9 (11.8) | 58.2 (10.7) | 57.3 (10.7) | 57.9 (11.3) |
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| Exercise test variables, mean (SD) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Peak relative V̇O2, mL/kg per min | 19.2 (4.2) | 18.5 (3.9) | 19.6 (4.3) | 19.9 (5.0) | 18.6 (3.4) |
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| Time on treadmill, min | 10.7 (2.5) | 10.6 (2.1) | 10.7 (2.5) | 10.8 (2.8) | 10.7 (2.5) |
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| Speed/grade estimated METs | 6.9 (1.3) | 6.7 (1.4) | 7.0 (1.3) | 7.0 (1.5) | 6.7 (1.2) |
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| Muscular work, Nm | 2268 (913) | 2017 (889) | 2327 (944) | 2355 (937) | 2264 (867) |
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| Muscular torque, Nm/kg | 2.2 (0.6) | 2.1 (0.5) | 2.2 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.6) |
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| Cardiovascular disease factors, mg/dL | |||||
|
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| Cholesterol, mean (SD) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Low-density lipoprotein | 95.5 (29.4) 1 | 02.6 (25.8) | 94.1 (30.4) | 92.5 (28.3) | 95.9 (31.1) |
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| High-density lipoprotein | 49.3 (11.5) | 50.4 (9.5) | 49.4 (12.1) | 49.0 (13.4) | 49.1 (10.0) |
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| Triglycerides, median (IQR) | 132 (88-188) | 143 (106-206) | 135 (99-198) | 132 (85-77) | 122 (85-173) |
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| C-reactive protein, median (IQR) | 3.4 (1.3-7.5) | 3.1 (0.8-7.5) | 2.7 (1.1-6.3) | 3.4 (1.2-8.1) | 4.4 (2.2-7.6) |
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| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | |||||
|
| |||||
| Systolic | 126.2 (13.1) 1 | 27.1 (13.9) | 124.1 (12.5) | 124.4 (12.5) | 129.4 (13.5) |
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| Diastolic | 75.6 (8.5) | 76.4 (8.0) | 75.1 (8.2) | 75.8 (9.4) | 75.3 (8.3) |
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| Other medication use, No. (%) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Blood pressure | 208 (79.4) | 31 (75.6) | 59 (80.8) | 56 (77.8) | 62 (81.6) |
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| Cholesterol | 168 (64.1) | 22 (53.7) | 53 (72.6) | 45 (62.5) | 48 (63.2) |
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| Antidepressant | 47 (17.9) | 10 (24.4) | 16 (21.9) | 12 (16.7) | 9 (11.8) |
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| Other medical history, No. (%) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Abnormal exercise ECG | 49 (18.7) | 5 (12.2) | 13 (17.8) | 14 (19.4) | 17 (22.4) |
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| Myocardial infarction | 7 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 5 (6.9) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.6) |
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| Heart catheterization | 45 (17.2) | 5 (12.2) | 15 (20.6) | 13 (18.1) | 12 (15.8) |
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| Coronary artery bypass surgery | 14 (5.0) | 1 (2.4) | 3 (4.1) | 5 (6.9) | 5 (6.6) |
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| Cancer | 29 (11.1) | 3 (7.3) | 9 (12.3) | 10 (13.9) | 7 (9.2) |
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| Neuropathy | 46 (17.6) | 7 (17.1) | 18 (24.7) | 12 (16.7) | 9 (11.8) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; DPP, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, ECG, electrocardiogram; MET, metabolic equivalent; N m, Newton meters; V̇O2, volume of oxygen consumed.
SI conversions: To convert low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113; glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555, and insulin to pmol/L, multiply by 6.945.
a
Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
b
Due to equipment malfunction, data for 9 participants were not collected.