Table 4. Change in Fitness, Body Composition, and Strength Variablesa.
| Characteristics | Mean (95% Confidence Interval)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Resistance | Aerobic | Combination | |
| Intention-to-Treat Analysis (n = 262) | ||||
| Peak V̇O2, mL/kg per min | −0.3 (−1.0 to 0.4) | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.6) | 0.5 (0.01 to 1.0) | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.5)g |
|
| ||||
| Peak lean V̇O2, mL/kg muscle per min | −0.3 (−1.4 to 0.8) | −0.5 (−1.3 to 0.3) | 0.7 (−0.2 to 1.5) | 1.2 (0.4 to 2.0)g |
|
| ||||
| Time on treadmill, minutes | −0.6 (−1.4 to 0.1) | 0.4 (−0.2 to 1.0)e | 2.2 (1.6 to 2.7)g | 2.4 (1.9 to 3.0)g |
|
| ||||
| Speed/grade estimated MET | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1) | 0.2 (−0.01 to 0.3)e | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0)g | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.0)g |
|
| ||||
| Muscular work, N mb | 89 (−48 to 226) | 542 (441 to 644)d | 115 (10 to 221) | 273 (174 to 372)d |
|
| ||||
| Muscular torque, n m/kg lean massb | 0.04 (−.08 to 0.16) | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.27)f | −0.07 (−0.17 to 0.02) | 0.15 (0.06 to 0.24)f |
|
| ||||
| Body mass, kg | 0.4 (−0.7 to 1.5) | −0.3 (−1.1 to 0.5) | −0.8 (−1.6 to 0.1) | −1.5 (−2.3 to −0.7)g |
|
| ||||
| Fat mass, kgc | 0.1 (−0.7 to 1.0) | −1.4 (−2.0 to −0.7)e | −0.6 (−1.2 to −0.1) | −1.7 (−2.3 to −1.1)e,f |
|
| ||||
| Lean mass, kgc | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.8) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3) | −0.5 (−1.0 to 0.1)h | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.4)h |
|
| ||||
| Waist circumference, cm | 0.7 (−0.6 to 1.9)d | −1.9 (−2.8 to −1.0) | −1.5 (−2.5 to −0.6) | −2.8 (−3.7 to −1.9) |
|
| ||||
| Per-Protocol Analysis (n = 215) | ||||
| Peak V̇O2, mL/kg per min | −0.3 (−1.0 to 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.7) | 0.6 (−0.1 to 1.2) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.7)g |
|
| ||||
| Peak lean V̇O2, mL/kg muscle per min | −0.3 (−1.4 to 0.8) | −0.4 (−1.3 to 0.5) | 0.7 (−0.3 to 1.6) | 1.4 (0.5 to 2.3)g |
|
| ||||
| Time on treadmill, minutes | −0.6 (−1.4 to 0.2) | 0.5 (−0.1 to 1.1)e | 2.3 (1.6 to 3.0)g | 2.5 (1.8 to 3.1)g |
|
| ||||
| Speed/grade estimated MET | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1) | 0.3 (−0.5 to 0.1)e | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.1)g | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.0)g |
|
| ||||
| Muscular work, N m | 89 (−54 to 231) | 585 (471 to 699)d | 105 (−15 to 226) | 280 (169 to 392)d |
|
| ||||
| Muscular torque, N m/kg lean mass | 0.04 (−.08 to 0.16) | 0.21 (0.11 to 0.30)e,f | −0.10 (−0.20 to 0.00) | 0.14 (0.04 to 0.24)f |
|
| ||||
| Body mass, kg | 0.4 (−0.7 to 1.5) | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.7) | −0.8 (−1.8 to 0.1) | −1.6 (−2.4 to −0.7)g |
|
| ||||
| Fat mass, kgc | 0.1 (−0.7 to 1.0) | −1.3 (−1.9 to −0.6)e | −0.7 (−1.4 to 0.0) | −1.8 (−2.5 to −1.1)e,f |
|
| ||||
| Lean mass, kgc | 0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7) | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.3) | −0.4 (−1.0 to 0.1)h | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.5)h |
|
| ||||
| Waist circumference, cm | 0.7 (−0.6 to 2.0)d | −2.0 (−3.1 to −1.0) | −1.6 (−2.7 to −0.4) | −2.7 (−3.7 to −1.7) |
Abbreviations: MET, metabolic equivalent task; N m, Newton-meters; V̇O2, volume of oxygen consumed.
Values are expressed as fitted mean (95% CI) and all are adjusted for baseline value, age, sex, duration of diabetes and race/ethnicity with the fitness variables also adjusted for maximum heart rate during exercise testing at baseline and follow-up.
Peak torque was determined as the best of 5 maximal repetitions and then divided by lean mass. Total work (N m) was determined as the total work accomplished for 30 repetitions of maximal effort.
Due to equipment failure n = 253 for the Intention-to-Treat analysis and n = 209 for Per-Protocol analysis.
Significantly (P≤ .05) different from all other groups.
Significantly (P≤ .05) different from control group.
Significantly (P≤ .05) different from aerobic training group.
Significantly (P≤ .05) different from control group and resistance training group.
Significantly (P≤ .05) different from resistance training group.