Table 5. Divergence times or earliest fossil occurrences of host plants for Aphidinae and Pterocommatinae aphids.
| Host-plant taxon | Epoch | Age (MYA)a | Methodb | Related aphid taxon (node no.) | References |
| Artemisia | Middle to Late Miocene | 10–23c | Fossil | Aphis kurosawai (62) | [112] |
| Araliaceae | Middle Eocene | 41–44 | Dating (N) | P-C group (5) | [89] |
| Asteraceae | Early to Middle Eocene | 51 | Dating (N) | Aphis terricola (22) | [92] |
| Asteraceae | Early Eocene | 42–48 | Dating (P) | Aphis terricola (22) | [93] |
| Centaurea (Cardueae)d | Late Eocene | 35–38 | Dating (N) | Aphis terricola (22) | [92] |
| Coprosma (Anthospermeae)d | Middle Oligocene to Middle Eocene | 31.8–47.6 | Dating (B) | Aphis coprosmae (23) | [94] |
| Epilobium e and Oenothera | Oligocene to Miocene | 12–35 | Dating (P) | Bursaphis (31) | [99], [100] |
| Glycine | Early to Middle Miocene | 14.2–19.2 | Dating (P) | Aphis glycines (37) | [97] |
| Glycine | Early to Middle Miocene | 8.0–11.0 | Dating (P) | Aphis glycines (37) | [98] |
| Ligustrum (Oleaceae)d | Middle Paleocene to Late Eocene | 37–64 | Dating (N) | Aphis crinosa (24) | [89] |
| Miscanthus (Paniceae)d | Early Miocene | 20.6 | Dating (M) | Melanaphis japonica (11) | [101] |
| Phragmites | Early Miocene | 17.8–20.6 | Dating (M) | Hyalopterus pruni (12) | [101] |
| Prunus | Middle Eocene | 48f | Fossil | Hyalopterus pruni (12) | [11] |
| Prunus | Middle Eocene | 35 | Dating (N) | Hyalopterus pruni (12) | [89] |
| Rhamnus (including Frangulae) | Late Oligocene | 26.5–27.4 | Dating (N) | gossypii group (35) | [95] |
| Ribes (Saxifragaceae)d | Late Cretaceous | 89–96 | Dating (P) | Bursaphis (31) | [96] |
| Ribes (Saxifragaceae)d | Late Cretaceous | 81 | Dating (N) | Bursaphis (31) | [89] |
| Rosaceae | Middle Eocene | 35–56c | Fossil | Aphidini+Macrosiphini (2, 3, 4) | [91] |
| Rosaceae | Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene | 44–76 | Dating (N) | Aphidini+Macrosiphini (2, 3, 4) | [89] |
| Salicaceae | Middle Eocene | 45f | Fossil | P-C group (5) | [11] |
| Salix and Populus | Paleocene | 60–65 | Fossil | Aphidinae+P-C group (1) | [90] |
| Spiraeoideae ( = Prunoideae) | Middle Miocene to Early Oligocene | 29–44 | Dating (N) | Hyalopterus pruni (12) | [89] |
a
: geological time scale from Gradstein and Ogg [78].
b
: fossil means the earliest fossil record. Dating method in parenthesis: B, relaxed-clock in BEAST; M, relaxed-clock in MULTIDIVTIME; N, non-parametric rate smoothing in R8S; P, penalized likelihood in R8S.
c
: range of the epoch period.
d
: age inferred from the higher taxon.
e
: inferred by phylogenetic relationships with Fuchsia and Oenothera.
f
: absolute age based on the earliest fossil by Lopez-Vaamonde et al. [11].