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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2010 Oct 31;13(12):1526–1533. doi: 10.1038/nn.2682

Figure 5.

Figure 5

High-frequency photostimulation of the locus coeruleus causes reversible behavioral arrests. (a) Sequence of events in a behavioral arrest. (b) Probability of behavioral arrests depends on photostimulation frequency. Data represent mean +/– s.e.m. of ChR2-eYFP transduced animals (n=4 animals, 10 trials per frequency per mouse). (c) The duration of latencies to arrest (time from light onset until behavioral arrest) and durations of arrest (time between the onset and offset of behavioral arrest) in ChR2-eYFP stimulated animals. Data represent the mean +/– s.e.m. of 20 trials per animal, n=8 animals. *P<0.05, **P<0.001 between frequencies, ANOVA followed by Tukey posthoc test. (d) Representative EEG/EMG trace of a behavioral arrest following 10 Hz photostimulation. Arrows represent the onset and offset of immobility. (e) Relative EEG power of the first 10 s of behavioral arrests across multiple animals. Data represent the mean +/– s.e.m. relative power of 0.5 Hz binned frequencies (20 episodes per mouse, n=6 mice). (f) Measurement of extracellular norepinephrine content in prefrontal cortex during 10 Hz stimulation. Data represent the mean +/– s.e.m. of 3 trials per animal, n=4 animals. **P<0.001, two-way ANOVA between timepoint and virally-transduced animal followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. (g) The duration of latencies to arrest and durations of arrest in ChR2-eYFP stimulated animals upon administration of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors atomoxetine or reboxetine. Data represent the mean +/– s.e.m. of 10 trials per animal, n=4 animals. Increased darkness of bars represents increasing pharmacological dose. *P<0.05, Student's t-test between saline and drug-injected animals.