Figure 2.

Culture on a TiO₂ nanotube surface affects the cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton of chondroprogenitors. Wing limb mesenchymal cells were cultured on Ti-control (flat titanium) and TiO₂ nanotube surfaces having different inner diameters (SEM images). (A) Immunocytochemistry with Alexa-488-conjugated phalloidin. (B) Changes in the protein levels of Type I and type II collagen were examined by Western blotting. (C) Cells were cultured on Ti-control (flat titanium) and 70-nm-diameter TiO₂ nanotube surfaces in the absence or presence of cytochalasin D (CD). Cells were stained with Alexa-488-conjugated phalloidin, and changes in the protein level of type II collagen were examined by Western blotting. (D) The number of adhered cells was counted. The data shown are representative of at least four independent experiments. The mean is plotted and the error bars represent 95% CI (lower/upper limit).