Figure 3.

Growth on a nanotube surface modulates the expression of vinculin and integrin β4. Wing limb mesenchymal cells were cultured on Ti-control (flat titanium) and 50-nm-diameter TiO₂ nanotube surfaces. (A) Cells were immunolabeled with antibodies against vinculin and integrin β1. (B) Cells were immunolabeled with antibodies against integrin β4, and the percentages of apoptotic cells were quantified by flow cytometry analysis on day 3 of culture. H₂O₂ were treated to induce apoptotic cell death. The data shown are representative of at least four independent experiments. The mean is plotted and the error bars represent 95% CI (lower/upper limit).