Table 2.

Tests of normality for raw Canton-S CHC data (n = 200)

Parameter	Observed value	Critical value	p at critical value	Reject null hypothesis?
χ2	566.0911	27.88	0.001	reject
√b1	1.6514	0.403	0.01	reject
b2	6.9516	2.37–3.98	0.01	reject

Null hypothesis: there is no difference between the distribution pattern of the observed data and the normal distribution. The distribution of raw CHC values fails three tests for normality: χ² goodness-of-fit test (v = 9 degrees of freedom), skewness (√b₁) test, and kurtosis (b₂) test. Note that all three failures are at very significant levels of probability.