Table 5.

Tests of normality for raw ush CHC data (n = 40)

Parameter	Observed value	Critical value	p at critical value	Reject null hypothesis?
χ2	226.7998	18.47	0.001	reject
√b1	2.5905	0.870	0.01	reject
b2	9.5806	1.89–5.04	0.01	reject

Null hypothesis: there is no difference between the distribution pattern of the observed data and the normal distribution. The distribution of raw CHC values fails three tests for normality: χ² goodness-of-fit test (v = 4 degrees of freedom), skewness (√b₁) test, and kurtosis (b₂) test. Note that all three failures are at very significant levels of probability.