Table 4.

Possible modes of hypoglycaemic actions of M. charantia

Possible Modes of Action		Reference
1.	Insulin secretagogue effect	Karunanayake et al. [24], Kedar and Chakrabarti [35], Jeevathayaparan et al. [27]
2.	Stimulation of peripheral and skeletal muscle glucose utilisation	Day et al. [19]); Bailey and Day [8], Cummings et al. [25]
3.	Inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake	Meir and Yaniv [47]; Ahmed et al. [33], Ahmed et al. [40]
4.	Inhibition of hexokinase activity	Meir and Yaniv [47]
5.	Suppression of key gluconeogenic enzymes	Shibib et al. [48]
6.	Stimulation of key enzyme of HMP pathway	Shibib et al. [48]
7.	Preservation of islet beta cells and their functions	Ahmed et al. [39]; Ahmed et al. [40]