Table 5b.

Advantages, Disadvantages and Limitations of Newer DPP-4 Inhibitors

	Advantages	Disadvantages	Limitations
Denagliptin	Reduces HbA1C Lowers fasting blood glucose Oral administration Once daily [97]	Nasopharyngitis Nausea Headache Upper respiratory tract infection [118]	Risk of developing cancer [114]
Alogliptin	Highly selective inhibition of DPP-4 Never inactivate CYP 450 enzymes Used with exercise or diet Can be combined with oral hypoglycemic agents [98-99]	Constipation Dizziness Headache [119]	Risk of developing cancer [114]
P32/98 (Isoleucyl thiazolidide)	increase insulin secretion in rodent models improve glucose tolerance [120]	Severe toxic effects Not selective [121]	Risk of developing cancer [114]
Linagliptin (BI 1356)	Oral administration Once daily More effective when combined with other oral hypoglycemic agents Long half life [102, 122]	Headache Upper respiratory infection Pharyngitis Muscle pain [122]	Risk of developing cancer [114]
Dutogliptin PHX1149	Oral administration Once daily More effective when combined with other oral hypoglycemic agents [103-104]	Large dose (400 mg) required for optimal reductions of abnormal parameters	Risk of developing cancer [114]
Valine-pyrrolidide	Increases insulin release [123] More potentiation of GIP levels [124]	Inhibits DPP-8 as well	Risk of developing cancer [114]