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. 2011 Sep 6;108(37):15147-15151. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1112157108

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Fig. 7. — Concentration dependence of sugar-binding rates with rates of opening of the periplasmic cavity for mutant N245W/A155C. NPG binding rates measured as Trp151-NPG FRET are shown for purified mutant in DDM (●), reconstituted in proteoliposomes at LPR 10 (▴) or 5 (▾), and after addition of DDM (△). Linear fits to the data obtained for Trp151-NPG FRET are shown as solid lines. Reconstituted mutant N245W/A155C binds NPG with k_obs = 56 ± 7 s^-1. Rates of unquenching of Trp245 fluorescence resulting from opening of the periplasmic cavity after sugar binding are shown as open symbols: TDG (□); melibiose (⋄); octyl-α-d-galactoside (☆); methyl-α-d-galactoside (hexagon). The rate of opening of periplasmic cavity in DDM is 50–100 s^-1 at the higher concentrations of the four galactosides tested.