Table 1.
Effects of weight loss on adipose signals, appetite sensations, and signals of nutrient availability in obese and overweight humans
| PreMeal/Fasting |
Meal/day Long/Glucose Load |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⇑ | ⇓ | ⇑ | ⇓ | No effect observed | |
| Adipose signals | |||||
| Insulin | (18, 34, 50, 51, 53, 54, 95, 97, 100, 109, 117, 133, 142, 153, 175, 196, 201, 238) | (42, 48, 171, 188, 193, 238) | (2, 94, 95) | ||
| Leptin | (18, 34, 50, 51, 94, 95, 97, 117, 142, 152, 153, 196, 201, 221, 228) | ||||
| Appetite sensations | |||||
| Hunger* | (4, 40, 53, 59, 61, 63, 84, 95, 238) | (61, 117) | (42, 233) | ||
| Satiety** | (4, 53) | (40, 42, 59, 61, 63, 84, 95, 117, 187, 233, 238) | |||
| Hunger/satiety signals | |||||
| Ghrelin | (94, 95, 163, 164, 254) | (51, 164) | (18, 50, 82, 133, 142, 153) | ||
| PYY | (18, 71, 142, 180) | (71, 233) | (164, 175, 233) | ||
| CCK | (18) | (95, 121) | (42) | (143, 155, 164) | |
| GLP-1 | (18) | (238) | (1, 2) | (129, 175) | |
| Circulating nutrients | |||||
| Glucose | (1, 48, 54, 117, 133, 171, 175, 201, 219, 221, 238) | (1, 42, 48, 133, 153, 166, 171, 188, 219, 238) | (18, 53, 109, 193) | ||
| TG | (34, 38, 48, 53, 95, 100, 171, 181, 219, 221) | (48, 109, 153, 187, 213) | (18, 51, 142) | ||
| FFA | (34, 142, 221, 238) | (1, 42, 48, 109, 204, 238) | (2, 153, 166, 219) | ||
Listed studies reflect observations in overweight and obese humans during weight maintenance after energy restricted weight loss.
*
Visual Analog Scale, corresponding to hunger, desire to eat, or prospective food consumption.
**
Visual Analog Scale, corresponding to satiety, feeling of fullness, or satisfaction with appetite.