TABLE 1.
Usual intake from NHANES 2003–2006 compared to DRI from naturally occurring nutrients, enrichment/fortification, and dietary supplements in individuals aged ≥2 y1
| Percentiles |
||||||||
| Nutrient | Usual intake | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | ＜EAR | ≥UL |
| Mean ± SEM | % ± SEM | % ± SEM | ||||||
| Vitamin D,2μg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 100 ± 0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 6.4 | 8.9 | 93.3 ± 0.6 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Dietary supplements | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 6.0 | 11.7 | 16.3 | 69.5 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
| Calcium,2mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 883 ± 9 | 476 | 624 | 828 | 1084 | 1361 | 54.2 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.04 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 939 ± 9 | 504 | 662 | 881 | 1152 | 1449 | 48.9 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
| + Dietary supplements | 1091 ± 10 | 551 | 735 | 1000 | 1342 | 1740 | 38.0 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.2 |
| Vitamin A, μg RAE/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 412 ± 5 | 211 | 281 | 380 | 509 | 653 | 74.4 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 0.01 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 601 ± 8 | 286 | 395 | 551 | 752 | 979 | 45.1 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
| + Dietary supplements | 1010 ± 20 | 306 | 440 | 687 | 1316 | 1952 | 34.0 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 0.2 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 72.5 ± 1.2 | 26.7 | 40.9 | 63.0 | 93.6 | 130 | 45.9 ± 1.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 85.3 ± 1.3 | 31.8 | 48.5 | 74.2 | 110 | 152 | 37.0 ± 1.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Dietary supplements | 188 ± 7 | 36.7 | 59.2 | 101 | 172 | 394 | 25.3 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
| Vitamin E, mg AT/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 9.8 | 93.3 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 6.9 ± 0.1 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 10.5 | 90.7 ± 0.5 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Dietary supplements | 37.7 ± 1.4 | 4.1 | 5.5 | 8.3 | 25.1 | 49.8 | 60.3 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
| Thiamin, mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 0.9 ± 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 50.9 ± 1.0 | |
| + Enriched/fortified | 1.7 ± 0.01 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | |
| + Dietary supplements | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | |
| Riboflavin, mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.7 ± 0.02 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 8.7 ± 0.5 | |
| + Enriched/fortified | 2.3 ± 0.02 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | |
| + Dietary supplements | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 5.6 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | |
| Niacin,4mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 17.4 ± 0.2 | 9.8 | 12.5 | 16.3 | 21.3 | 26.4 | 11.3 ± 1.2 | — |
| + Enriched/fortified | 24.3 ± 0.2 | 14.3 | 17.9 | 23.0 | 29.4 | 36.1 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.1 |
| + Dietary supplements | 34.4 ± 0.5 | 15.3 | 19.9 | 27.4 | 38.5 | 51.6 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 10.3 ± 0.4 |
| Vitamin B-6, mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.5 ± 0.01 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 21.7 ± 1.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 1.9 ± 0.02 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 12.3 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Dietary supplements | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 6.4 | 8.2 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
| Vitamin B-12, μg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | |
| + Enriched/fortified | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | |
| + Dietary supplements | 24.4 ± 1.4 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 6.4 | 10.8 | 28.1 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | |
| Folate,3μg DFE/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 199 ± 2 | 112 | 144 | 189 | 243 | 302 | 88.0 ± 0.4 | — |
| + Enriched/fortified | 543 ± 5 | 304 | 391 | 511 | 661 | 822 | 10.7 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| + Dietary supplements | 772 ± 11 | 329 | 440 | 627 | 1000 | 1328 | 7.6 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.3 |
| Phosphorus, mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1295 ± 9 | 788 | 981 | 1240 | 1553 | 1878 | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 1326 ± 9 | 803 | 1004 | 1270 | 1591 | 1925 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Dietary supplements | 1343 ± 9 | 815 | 1018 | 1286 | 1608 | 1948 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| Magnesium,4mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 266 ± 2 | 161 | 200 | 254 | 319 | 387 | 58.9 ± 0.8 | – |
| + Enriched/fortified | 276 ± 2 | 164 | 206 | 263 | 333 | 406 | 54.5 ± 0.9 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Dietary supplements | 310 ± 3 | 170 | 217 | 285 | 372 | 470 | 44.8 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.2 |
| Iron,5mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 9.8 ± 0.1 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 9.4 | 11.7 | 14.1 | 21.8 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 15.8 ± 0.1 | 9.5 | 11.8 | 15.0 | 19.0 | 23.3 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 |
| + Dietary supplements | 19.3 ± 0.2 | 9.8 | 12.5 | 16.5 | 22.9 | 32.0 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.1 |
| Zinc, mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 10.9 ± 0.1 | 6.5 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 13.1 | 16.2 | 15.2 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.2 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 12.1 ± 0.1 | 7.1 | 8.9 | 11.4 | 14.6 | 18.1 | 10.5 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.2 |
| + Dietary supplements | 16.8 ± 0.2 | 7.6 | 9.8 | 13.5 | 21.2 | 28.9 | 8.0 ± 0.6 | 8.4 ± 0.4 |
| Copper, μg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 1.2 ± 0.01 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.1 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 1.3 ± 0.01 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| + Dietary supplements | 1.7 ± 0.02 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.1 |
| Selenium, mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 106 ± 1 | 64 | 80 | 101 | 128 | 155 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| + Enriched/fortified | 107 ± 1 | 64 | 80 | 102 | 129 | 156 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| + Dietary supplements | 118 ± 1 | 66 | 84 | 108 | 140 | 180 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| Nutrients with an AI | >AI% ± SEM | |||||||
| Potassium,2mg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 2591 ± 19 | 1582 | 1975 | 2493 | 3103 | 3731 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | |
| + Enriched/fortified | 2615 ± 18 | 1593 | 1993 | 2516 | 3133 | 3770 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | |
| + Dietary supplements | 2631 ± 19 | 1600 | 2001 | 2529 | 3153 | 3799 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | |
| Vitamin K, μg/d | ||||||||
| Naturally occurring | 79.0 ± 1.1 | 34.9 | 48.6 | 69.7 | 99.0 | 135 | 30.1 ± 1.0 | |
| + Enriched/fortified | 80.3 ± 1.2 | 35.0 | 49.0 | 70.6 | 101 | 137 | 31.1 ± 1.0 | |
| + Dietary supplements | 85.5 ± 1.3 | 35.8 | 50.7 | 74.4 | 108 | 149 | 35.3 ± 1.1 | |
Data source: NHANES 2003–2006; = 16,110. Usual intake determined using the National Cancer Institute method; covariates included recall number, weekday/weekend day, and dietary supplement use (yes/no). AI, adequate intake; AT, -tocopherol; DFE, dietary folate equivalents; DRI, dietary reference intake; EAR, estimated average requirement; RAE, retinol activity equivalents; UL, tolerable upper intake level.
Nutrient identified by 2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee as being a nutrient of public health concern.
Total DFE (folate from supplements multiplied by 1.7 and folic acid added from fortification and enrichment multiplied by 1.7 summed with naturally occurring food folate); UL values are for folic acid.
UL values are for added/supplemental sources only (naturally occurring food sources not included).
EAR values determined by probability method. AT, -tocopherol; DFE, dietary folate equivalents; RAE, retinol activity equivalents.