Table 1. Characteristics of HIV-infected individuals with and without prevalent long-term opioid use at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 1997 and 20051.
| Prevalent long-term opioid use in 1997 |
Prevalent long-term opioid use in 2005 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Yes | No | Yes | No |
| N | 218 | 2878 | 332 | 3805 |
| Mean age (SD) | 42.6 (8.1) | 42.1 (9.1) | 48.0 (7.9) | 46.3 (9.6) |
| Male, % | 83.9 | 91.3 | 85.2 | 89.9 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | ||||
| White | 74.8 | 66.2 | 66.3 | 60.8 |
| African-American | 17.0 | 16.1 | 22.3 | 16.2 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 7.8 | 10.4 | 8.1 | 13.8 |
| Other | 0.5 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 6.2 |
| Unknown | 0.0 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 3.0 |
| Mean years known HIV-infected (SD) | 6.3 (3.6) | 5.2 (3.6) | 10.7 (5.9) | 9.3 (5.9) |
| HIV risk factor, % | ||||
| Men who have sex with men | 63.3 | 68.0 | 55.7 | 67.4 |
| Injection drug use | 14.2 | 6.1 | 15.4 | 5.5 |
| Heterosexual sex | 14.2 | 13.3 | 18.1 | 16.7 |
| Other | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Unknown | 6.9 | 12.4 | 9.9 | 10.2 |
| Mean CD4+ T-cells/μL (SD)2 | 296 (223) | 372 (237) | 430 (233) | 464 (244) |
| Mean log HIV RNA copies/mL (SD)2 | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.1 (0.7) |
| Prior CDC AIDS, % | 67.4 | 41.9 | 64.5 | 53.8 |
| Antiretroviral therapy experienced, % | 77.5 | 56.1 | 84.9 | 77.2 |
| Charlson comorbidity index score3,4, % | ||||
| 0 | -- | -- | 64.5 | 80.4 |
| 1 | -- | -- | 22.6 | 14.0 |
| ≥2 | -- | -- | 13.0 | 5.6 |
| Depression prior 2 yrs, %4 | -- | -- | 41.1 | 26.4 |
| Substance use disorders prior 2 yrs, %4 | ||||
| Any substance use disorder | -- | -- | 25.2 | 10.1 |
| Opioid use disorder | -- | -- | 6.0 | 0.6 |
| Alcohol use disorder | -- | -- | 13.1 | 5.3 |
| Other drug use disorder | -- | -- | 17.7 | 6.8 |
SD, standard deviation
1
All differences in these baseline measures between HIV-infected long-term opioid users and non-users were statistically significant at P<0.05.
2
Most recent test in 365 days prior to January 1
3
Modified Charlson comorbidity scores based on inpatient or outpatient diagnoses, excluding HIV/AIDS.
4
Prior Charlson comorbidity scores, depression diagnoses, and substance use disorders were assessed in two years prior to start of calendar year and not available for 1997.