Table 3. Factors associated with prevalent long-term opioid use in 1997 and 2005 in Kaiser Permanente.
| 1997 |
2005 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR | (95% CI) | P | PR | (95% CI) | P | |
| Age | ||||||
| ≥50 years | 0.9 | (0.6, 1.4) | 0.76 | 1.3 | (0.9, 2.1) | 0.20 |
| 40-49 years | 0.8 | (0.6, 1.2) | 0.31 | 1.6 | (1.1, 2.4) | 0.025 |
| 18-39 years (reference) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 2.0 | (1.3, 3.0) | 0.001 | 1.8 | (1.3, 2.5) | <0.001 |
| White Race/ethnicity | 1.4 | (1.0, 2.0) | 0.069 | 1.3 | (1.0, 1.7) | 0.083 |
| Years known HIV+ | ||||||
| ≥10 | 1.4 | (0.9, 2.2) | 0.111 | 1.4 | (1.0, 2.1) | 0.053 |
| 5-9.9 | 1.1 | (0.8, 1.5) | 0.75 | 1.1 | (0.7, 1.7) | 0.66 |
| <5 (reference) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| History of injection drug use | 2.1 | (1.5, 3.2) | <0.001 | 1.8 | (1.3, 2.6) | 0.001 |
| Prior use of antiretrovirals | 1.5 | (0.9, 2.5) | 0.085 | 1.1 | (0.7, 1.8) | 0.62 |
| CD4+ T-cell counts (per 100) | 1.0 | (0.9, 1.1) | 0.70 | 1.0 | (0.9, 1.0) | 0.138 |
| HIV virus levels (per log) | 1.2 | (1.0, 1.4) | 0.027 | 1.1 | (0.9, 1.3) | 0.36 |
| Prior AIDS diagnosis | 2.0 | (1.2, 3.1) | 0.004 | 1.2 | (0.9, 1.6) | 0.250 |
| Charlson comorbidity index2,3 | ||||||
| ≥2 | 1.9 | (1.4, 2.8) | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 1.6 | (1.2, 2.1) | 0.003 | |||
| 0 (reference) | 1.0 | (1.0, 1.0) | . | |||
| Prior depression diagnosis3 | 1.3 | (1.0, 1.7) | 0.058 | |||
| Prior substance use disorders3 | 1.8 | (1.3, 2.5) | <0.001 | |||
PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval
1
Adjusted prevalence ratios obtained from modified Poisson regression models using Proc Genmod in SAS. Models are adjusted for all variables in table.
2
Modified Charlson comorbidity scores based on inpatient or outpatient diagnoses, excluding HIV/AIDS.
3
Prior Charlson comorbidity scores, depression diagnoses, and substance use disorders were assessed in two years prior to start of calendar year and not available for 1997.