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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin J Pain. 2012 Jan;28(1):39–46. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3182201a0f

Table 4. Profiles of prevalent long-term opioid episodes at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2005.

p-value
Characteristics HIV+ HIV− Unadjusted Adjusted1
Number of persons 204 37,377
Average Prescribed Dose2 79.9 54.1 0.003 0.45
Average Daily Dose2 90.8 47.7 <0.001 0.23
Average Total Days Supply 299.4 284.1 0.18 0.95
Percent High Dose3 57.4 48.9 0.016 0.92
% Mainly Schedule II4,5 27.9 17.7 <0.001 0.59
% Mainly Long-Acting Schedule II5 23.5 13.0 <0.001 0.42
% with 180+ Days Supply Sedative-Hypnotics 37.3 30.2 0.031 0.14
1

P-value is age- and sex-adjusted to 2005 KPNC general population.

2

Average prescribed dose is the total morphine equivalents for an episode divided by total days supply. Average daily dose is the total morphine equivalents for an episode divided by episode duration in days. Average daily dose is an estimate of mean daily consumption, while average prescribed dose approximates the maximum intended daily dose.

3

Defined as average daily dose of 20+ mg morphine equivalents

4

Short-acting, Schedule II=morphine sulfate; codeine sulfate; hydromorphone; meperidine; fentanyl transmucosal; oxymorphone; oxycodone

5

Long-acting, Schedule II=morphine sulfate sustained release (SR); fentanyl transdermal; levorphanol; oxycodone controlled release; methadone; hydromorphone SR; oxymorphone SR