Table 8.

Education effects on positive number of visits to a specialist—truncated negative binomial coefficient estimates from the second part of the hurdle model, pooled cross-country sample (N =1833)^†

Country	Education	Results for models differentiated by means of controlling for need in 6 health domains
		Reported health category			Latent health index from ordered probit			Latent health index from HOPIT model
		Coefficient	SE‡	Joint significance	Coefficient	SE	Joint significance	Coefficient	SE	Joint significance
Restricted model with homogeneous education effects (1)
	Lower secondary	0.177§	0.107	0.121	0.149	0.128	0.484	0.180	0.127	0.541
	Upper secondary	−0.067	0.097		−0.026	0.110		0.050	0.114
	Tertiary	−0.024	0.105		−0.010	0.119		0.103	0.135
Unrestricted model with country-specific education effects (2)
Belgium	Lower secondary	0.312	0.250	0.428	0.361	0.280	0.531	0.551§	0.284	0.270
	Upper secondary	−0.044	0.248		0.121	0.267		0.305	0.239
	Tertiary	0.074	0.247		0.126	0.252		0.378	0.264
France	Lower secondary	0.295	0.285	0.273	0.380	0.421	0.266	0.554	0.430	0.114
	Upper secondary	0.138	0.184		0.160	0.221		0.379§	0.216
	Tertiary	−0.208	0.201		−0.194	0.208		0.030	0.244
Italy	Upper secondary	0.286	0.296	0.624	0.383	0.238	0.269	0.482§	0.264	0.169
	Tertiary	0.056	0.264		0.312	0.378		0.356	0.401
Germany	Upper secondary	−0.212	0.235	0.500	−0.275	0.236	0.504	−0.152	0.243	0.719
	Tertiary	−0.017	0.270		−0.123	0.293		0.063	0.318
Greece	Lower secondary	−0.163	0.400	0.354	−0.460	0.374	0.103	−0.295	0.439	0.179
	Upper secondary	−0.028	0.206		−0.178	0.256		−0.202	0.269
	Tertiary	0.348	0.237		0.287	0.249		0.261	0.249
Netherlands	Lower secondary	0.410	0.312	0.105	0.479	0.371	0.451	0.782§§	0.400	0.234
	Upper secondary	−0.159	0.358		0.163	0.411		0.596	0.454
	Tertiary	−0.068	0.351		0.076	0.375		0.878§	0.532
Spain	Upper secondary	−0.256	0.251	0.174	−0.546	0.402	0.339	−0.605	0.392	0.296
	Tertiary	−0.523§	0.295		−0.732	0.540		−0.654	0.567
Sweden	Lower secondary	−0.310	0.417	0.439	−0.252	0.438	0.801	−0.215	0.427	0.889
	Upper secondary	0.041	0.354		0.119	0.324		−0.002	0.334
	Tertiary	−0.501	0.366		−0.232	0.314		−0.246	0.334
Likelihood ratio tests, LR, of restricted (1) against unrestricted (2) model
		LR	Degrees of freedom	p-value	LR	Degrees of freedom	p-value	LR	Degrees of freedom	p-value
		20.46	20	0.4295	27.05	20	0.1339	32.05	20	0.0428

^†See the first footnote to Table 5.

^‡Bootstrap standard error.

^§Significance relative to the reference education category, which is the lowest, at 10%.

^§§Significance relative to the reference education category, which is the lowest, at 5%.