Figure 1.

Diverse origins of cardiac fibroblasts. Resident cardiac fibroblasts are thought to arise from the proepicardium and embryonic epicardium during development. In response to fibrogenic stimuli, however, many other cell types, including bone marrow-derived cells, pericytes, and endothelial cells, may also acquire myofibroblast-like phenotypes. This scheme depicts the possible origins of cardiac fibroblasts. EMT: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; EndMT: endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition.